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Слайды и текст этой презентации

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Structure of the program in Prolog. Execution management Lecture 4

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Peculiarities of Visual Prolog Visual Prolog is a compiled language Other versions have elements of interpretation of a code during the execution Strict data typing Rules are not data: you can’t add or remove them during the execution You can’t define new operations

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Program sections compiler directives CONSTANTS – section of constants description DOMAINS – section of domains description DATABASE – section of description of internal database predicates PREDICATES – section of predicates description CLAUSES – section of clauses description GOAL – section of internal goal description

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Peculiarities of Visual Prolog All sections can be in any order Predicates and domain must be defined before their usage Predicates declared in a section DATABASE can be added and removed from internal database while the execution

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Program containing only the goal GOAL write("hello"), readchar(_).

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Compiler directives trace – to trace the program nowarnings – to suppress the message that a variable occurs only once include – insertion of some file content check_determ – compulsory check of predicates determination

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Peculiarities of Visual Prolog You can start tracing only for the definite predicate If there is a tracing the optimization of recursion is not working To establish non-determination of predicates by default: Options – Project – Compiler options – Warnings – Default predicate type – Nondeterm

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$Constants CONSTANTS pi=3.14 path="c:\\prolog\\bgi"$

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Constants CONSTANTS pi=3.14 path="c:\\prolog\\bgi"

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Domains integer – an integer number (-32768...32767) real – a float number (±e-307...±e308) char – a symbol in apostrophes string – a sequence of symbols in double quotation marks symbol – a symbolic constant (atom) file – a file

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Description of your own domain = or file = ; ...; or = * Examples: DOMAINS i=integer list=i*

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Description of a structured domain = (, ..., ) [;(...)]* Examples: flatpoint = p(integer, integer) triangle = tr(point, point, point) fullpoint = p(integer, integer); p(integer, integer, integer)

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Description of predicates (, ..., ). Examples: PREDICATES mother(string,string). member(integer,integer*). member(real,real*). member(char,char*). member(string,string*).

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Standard predicates readln(_) readint(_) readreal(_) readchar(_) readterm(name_domain, term_domain) write([,…]) writef – format output

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Standard predicates div() mod() trunc() round() random(_) random(,_) All embedded predicates are determinated

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Program “Relatives” DOMAINS s=string PREDICATES nondeterm mother(s,s) nondeterm grandmother(s,s) CLAUSES mother("Наташа","Даша"). mother("Даша","Маша"). grandmother(X,Y):- mother(X,Z), mother(Z,Y).

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Execution management Method of a depth search (backtracking) Method of a rollback after a failure Cut and rollback Method of a user-defined search

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Backtracking DOMAINS s=string PREDICATES mother(s,s) grandmother(s,s) CLAUSES mother(“Dasha",“Masha"). mother(“Natasha",”Dasha"). mother(“Natasha",”Glasha"). mother(“Dasha",”Sasha"). grandmother(X,Y):– mother(X,Z), mother(Z,Y).

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Method of a rollback after a failure DOMAINS s=string PREDICATES mother(s,s) grandmother(s,s) CLAUSES mother(“Dasha",“Masha"). mother(“Natasha",”Dasha"). mother(“Natasha",”Glasha"). mother(“Dasha",”Sasha"). grandmother(X,Y):– mother(X,Z), mother(Z,Y).

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Method of a rollback after a failure DOMAINS s=string PREDICATES mother(s,s) grandmother(s,s) show_names CLAUSES mother(“Dasha",“Masha"). mother(“Natasha",”Dasha"). mother(“Natasha",”Glasha"). mother(“Dasha",”Sasha"). grandmother(X,Y):– mother(X,Z), mother(Z,Y).

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Method of a rollback after a failure DOMAINS s=string PREDICATES mother(s,s) grandmother(s,s) show_names2(s) CLAUSES mother(“Dasha",“Masha"). mother(“Natasha",”Dasha"). mother(“Natasha",”Glasha"). mother(“Dasha",”Sasha"). grandmother(X,Y):– mother(X,Z), mother(Z,Y).