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3. Java Persistence API 5. Transaction Management

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Database Transaction A database transaction is a sequence of actions that are treated as a single unit of work These actions should either complete entirely or take no effect at all Transaction management is an important part of RDBMS oriented enterprise applications to ensure data integrity and consistency.

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ACID (1 of 2) Atomicity. A transaction should be treated as a single unit of operation which means either the entire sequence of operations is successful or unsuccessful Consistency. This represents the consistency of the referential integrity of the database, unique primary keys in tables etc

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ACID (2 of 2) Isolation. There may be many transactions processing with the same data set at the same time, each transaction should be isolated from others to prevent data corruption Durability. Once a transaction has completed, the results of this transaction have to be made permanent and cannot be erased from the database due to system failure.

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Spring Transaction Management Spring framework provides an abstract layer on top of different underlying transaction management APIs Local transactions are specific to a single transactional resource like a JDBC connection Global transactions can span multiple transactional resources like transaction in a distributed system

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Local Transactions Local transaction management can be useful in a centralized computing environment where application components and resources are located at a single site, and transaction management only involves a local data manager running on a single machine Local transactions are easier to be implemented

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Global Transactions Global transaction management is required in a distributed computing environment where all the resources are distributed across multiple systems A global transaction is executed across multiple systems, and its execution requires coordination between the global transaction management system and all the local data managers of all the involved systems

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Programmatic vs. Declarative Spring supports two types of transaction management: Programmatic transaction management: you have manage the transaction with the help of programming. That gives you extreme flexibility, but it is difficult to maintain Declarative transaction management: you separate transaction management from the business code. You only use annotations or XML based configuration to manage the transactions

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Programmatic vs. Declarative Declarative transaction management is preferable over programmatic transaction management

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Spring Transaction Abstractions The key to the Spring transaction abstraction is defined by PlatformTransactionManager interface in the org.springframework.transaction package: public interface PlatformTransactionManager { TransactionStatus getTransaction(TransactionDefinition definition) throws TransactionException; void commit(TransactionStatus status) throws TransactionException; void rollback(TransactionStatus status) throws TransactionException; }

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PlatformTransactionManager getTransaction - returns a currently active transaction or create a new one, according to the specified propagation behavior commit - commits the given transaction, with regard to its status rollback - performs a rollback of the given transaction

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TransactionDefinition Is the core interface of the transaction support in Spring and it is defined as below: public interface TransactionDefinition { int getPropagationBehavior(); int getIsolationLevel(); String getName(); int getTimeout(); boolean isReadOnly(); }

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TransactionDefinition Methods getPropagationBehavior - returns the propagation behavior getIsolationLevel - returns the degree to which this transaction is isolated from the work of other transactions getName - returns the name of the transaction getTimeout - returns the time in seconds in which the transaction must complete isReadOnly - returns whether the transaction is read-only.

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Isolation Level (1 of 2) TransactionDefinition.ISOLATION_DEFAULT - the default isolation level TransactionDefinition.ISOLATION_READ_COMMITTED - indicates that dirty reads are prevented; non- repeatable reads and phantom reads can occur TransactionDefinition.ISOLATION_READ_UNCOMMITTED -dirty reads, non-repeatable reads and phantom reads can occur

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Isolation Level (2 of 2) TransactionDefinition.ISOLATION_REPEATABLE_READ - dirty reads and non-repeatable reads are prevented; phantom reads can occur TransactionDefinition.ISOLATION_SERIALIZABLE - dirty reads, non-repeatable reads and phantom reads are prevented

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Propagation Types (1 of 2) TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_MANDATORY - support a current transaction; throw an exception if no current transaction exists TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_NESTED - execute within a nested transaction if a current transaction exists TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_NEVER - do not support a current transaction; throw an exception if a current transaction exists TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_NOT_SUPPORTED - do not support a current transaction; rather always execute non-transactionally

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Propagation Types (2 of 2) TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_REQUIRED - support a current transaction; create a new one if none exists TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW - create a new transaction, suspending the current transaction if one exists TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_SUPPORTS - support a current transaction; execute non-transactionally if none exists TransactionDefinition.TIMEOUT_DEFAULT - use the default timeout of the underlying transaction system, or none if timeouts are not supported

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TransactionStatus interface Provides a simple way for transactional code to control transaction execution and query transaction status public interface TransactionStatus extends SavepointManager { boolean isNewTransaction(); boolean hasSavepoint(); void setRollbackOnly(); boolean isRollbackOnly(); boolean isCompleted(); }

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TransactionStatus Methods hasSavepoint - returns whether this transaction internally carries a savepoint, that is, has been created as nested transaction based on a savepoint isCompleted - returns whether this transaction has already been committed or rolled back isNewTransaction - returns true in case the present transaction is new isRollbackOnly - returns whether the transaction has been marked as rollback-only setRollbackOnly - sets the transaction rollback-only

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Declarative Transaction Management This approach allows you to manage the transaction with the help of configuration instead of hard coding in your source code So you can separate transaction management from the business code by using annotations or XML based configuration to manage the transactions The bean configuration will specify the methods to be transactional

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Configuring Transaction Management

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Using @Transactional You can place the @Transactional annotation before a class definition, or a public method on a class A transaction begins before method annotated with @Transactional. It commits after method ends normally, and rollbacks if RuntimeException occurs. All methods for class annotated with @Transactional are transactional.

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@Transactional Attributes propagation (Propagation.REQUIRED by default) Isolation (Isolation.DEFAULT by default) timeout (TransactionDefinition.TIMEOUT_DEFAULT) readonly rollbackFor rollbackForClassName noRollbackFor noRollbackForClassName

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Exercise: Insert New Customer Insert new record to the CUSTOMER DB table – this problem was solved in P322AddCustomer project

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New Save Interface Method package com.bionic.edu; public interface CustomerDao { public Customer findById(int id); public void save(Customer customer); } public interface CustomerService { public Customer findById(int id); public void save(Customer customer); }

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Save DAO Implementation @Repository public class CustomerDaoImpl implements CustomerDao{ @PersistenceContext private EntityManager em; public Customer findById(int id){ . . . . . . . . . } public void save(Customer customer){ em.persist(customer); } }

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Save Service Implementation @Named public class CustomerServiceImpl implements CustomerService{ @Inject private CustomerDao customerDao; public Customer findById(int id) { return customerDao.findById(id); } @Transactional public void save(Customer customer){ customerDao.save(customer); } }

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Example: Payment of a New Customer The task is to add a payment of a new customer. The problem is that you need to save new customer’s id in a Payment entity before the latter is saved.

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PaymentDaoImpl Class package com.bionic.edu; import javax.persistence.EntityManager; import javax.persistence.PersistenceContext; import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository; @Repository public class PaymentDaoImpl implements PaymentDao{ @PersistenceContext private EntityManager em; public void save(Payment p){ em.persist(p); } }

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CustomerServiceImpl Class @Transactional public void add(Customer c, Payment p){ save(c); p.setCustomerId(c.getId()); paymentDao.save(p); } }

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Output INSERT on table 'PAYMENT' caused a violation of foreign key constraint 'CUSTOMER_FK' for key (0). Only external method calls can start transaction –any self-invocation calls will not start any transaction See 542AddCustPayment project for the full text

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CustomerServiceImpl Class package com.bionic.edu; import javax.inject.Inject; import javax.inject.Named; import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional; @Named public class CustomerServiceImpl implements CustomerService{ @Inject private CustomerDao customerDao; @Transactional public void save(Customer c){ customerDao.save(c); } }

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PaymentServiceImpl Class @Named public class PaymentServiceImpl implements PaymentService{ @Inject private PaymentDao paymentDao; @Inject private CustomerService customerService; @Transactional public void add(Customer c, Payment p){ customerService.save(c); p.setCustomerId(c.getId()); paymentDao.save(p); }}

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Output INSERT on table 'PAYMENT' caused a violation of foreign key constraint 'CUSTOMER_FK' for key (0). The reason is that propagation value of @Transactional annotation is REQUERED by default – so transaction for customerService.save(c) method will be commited along with paymentService.add(Customer c, Payment p) method See P362AddCustPayment project for the full text

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CustomerServiceImpl Class package com.bionic.edu; import javax.inject.Inject; import javax.inject.Named; import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional; @Named public class CustomerServiceImpl implements CustomerService{ @Inject private CustomerDao customerDao; @Transactional(propagation=Propagation.NESTED) public void save(Customer c){ customerDao.save(c); } }

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Output JpaDialect does not support savepoints - check your JPA provider's capabilities The reason is that JPA doesn't support nested transactions Nested transactions are only supported on JDBC level directly See P363AddCustPayment project for the full text

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CustomerServiceImpl Class package com.bionic.edu; import javax.inject.Inject; import javax.inject.Named; import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional; @Named public class CustomerServiceImpl implements CustomerService{ @Inject private CustomerDao customerDao; @Transactional(propagation=Propagation.REQUIRES_NEW) public void save(Customer c){ customerDao.save(c); } }

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Output Customer and Payment entities are successfully saved The problem is in the risk of data integrity violation – rollback of PaymentServiceImpl.add transaction does not cause rollback of CustomerServiceImp.save transaction See P364AddCustPayment project for the full text

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Payment Entity @Entity public class Payment { @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY) private int id; private java.sql.Date dt; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @ManyToOne @JoinColumn(name="customerId") private Customer customer; . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Customer Entity @Entity public class Customer { @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY) private int id; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @OneToMany(mappedBy="customer", cascade=CascadeType.PERSIST) private Collection payments; . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Main Class Customer c = new Customer(); . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payment p = new Payment(); . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ArrayList list = new ArrayList(); list.add(p); c.setPayments(list); p.setCustomer(c); customerService.save(c);

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Output Customer and Payment entities are successfully saved The problem of integrity violation is solved See P365AddCustPayment project for the full text