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6. Basic I/O 4. Networking

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What Is a URL? URL is an acronym for Uniform Resource Locator and is a reference (an address) to a resource on the Internet A URL has two main components: Protocol identifier: For the URL the protocol identifier is http. Resource name: For the URL the resource name is example.com.

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Creating a URL The easiest way to create a URL object is from a String: URL myURL = new URL(" The URL object created above represents an absolute URL An absolute URL contains all of the information necessary to reach the resource in question

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Creating a URL Relative to Another A relative URL contains only enough information to reach the resource relative to another URL The following code creates relative URLs: URL myURL = new URL(" URL page1URL = new URL(myURL, "page1.html"); URL page2URL = new URL(myURL, "page2.html"); This code snippet uses the URL constructor that lets you create a URL object from another URL object (the base) and a relative URL specification

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URL addresses with Special characters Some URL addresses contain special characters, for example the space character. Like this: world/ To make these characters legal they need to be encoded before passing them to the URL constructor. URL url = new URL("

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URI The java.net.URI class automatically takes care of the encoding characters: URI uri = new URI("http", "example.com", "/hello world/", ""); And then convert the URI to a URL: URL url = uri.toURL();

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MalformedURLException Each of the four URL constructors throws a MalformedURLException if the arguments to the constructor refer to a null or unknown protocol: try { URL myURL = new URL(...); } catch (MalformedURLException e) { // exception handler code here }

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Reading Directly from a URL After you've successfully created a URL, you can call the URL's openStream() method to get a stream from which you can read the contents of the URL. The openStream() method returns a java.io.InputStream object, so reading from a URL is as easy as reading from an input stream.

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Reading Example public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { URL oracle = new URL(" BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(oracle.openStream())); String inputLine; while ((inputLine = in.readLine()) != null) System.out.println(inputLine); in.close(); }

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Connecting to a URL URL object's openConnection method allows to get a URLConnection object for a communication link between your Java program and the URL URLConnection has a set of protocol specific subclasses,e.g. java.net.HttpURLConnection

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Open Connection Example try { URL myURL = new URL(" URLConnection myURLConnection = myURL.openConnection(); myURLConnection.connect(); } catch (MalformedURLException e) { // new URL() failed ... } catch (IOException e) { // openConnection() failed ... }

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Reading from a URLConnection Reading from a URLConnection instead of reading directly from a URL might be more useful: you can use the URLConnection object for other tasks (like writing to the URL) at the same time.

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Reading Example public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { URL oracle = new URL(" URLConnection yc = oracle.openConnection(); BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader( yc.getInputStream())); String inputLine; while ((inputLine = in.readLine()) != null) System.out.println(inputLine); in.close(); }

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Exercise: Read Statistics I Read file from and save it in test.zip file

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Exercise: Read Statistics II public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{ URL expr = new URL(" URLConnection conn = expr.openConnection(); InputStream in = conn.getInputStream(); FileOutputStream out = null;

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Exercise: Read Statistics III try { out = new FileOutputStream("test.zip"); int c = -1; while ((c = in.read()) != -1) { out.write(c); } } finally { if (in != null) in.close(); if (out != null) out.close(); in.close(); } }

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Exercise: Read Statistics IV See 641GetWebFile project for the full text.

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Providing Data to the Server Create a URL. Retrieve the URLConnection object. Set output capability on the URLConnection. Open a connection to the resource. Get an output stream from the connection. Write to the output stream. Close the output stream.