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6. Basic I/O 5. Java and XML

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Why XML? XML is a very useful technology for describing structured information XML tools make it easy to process and transform information XML has employed as the base language for communication protocols XML is widely used as protocol language in Java EE APIs

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XML Example 4.0.0 webapp.sample web-parent 1.0-SNAPSHOT web-app jar Web Demo - Application UI project

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What is an XML? Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable It is a textual data format with strong support documents structure along with arbitrary data structures

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The Structure of an XML Document An XML document should start with a header such as or A header is optional, but it is highly recommended The body of the XML document contains the root element (only one!), which can contain other elements (child elements)

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XML Example 4.0.0 webapp.sample web-parent 1.0-SNAPSHOT web-app jar Web Demo - Application UI project

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Element A logical document component either begins with a start-tag and ends with a matching end-tag or consists only of an empty-element tag: 4.0.0

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Element (continued) An element can contain child elements, text, or both: webapp.sample web-parent 1.0-SNAPSHOT

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Attributes A markup construct consisting of a name/value pair that exists within a start-tag or empty-element tag:

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Parsing an XML Document To process an XML document, you need to parse it: read a file confirm that the file has the correct format break it up into the constituent elements access those elements

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Java XML Parsers Tree parser - Document Object Model (DOM) that read an XML document into a tree structure. Streaming parser - Simple API for XML (SAX) that generate events as they read an XML document.

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XML namespace XML namespaces are used for providing uniquely named elements and attributes in an XML document A namespace name is a uniform resource identifier (URI) Typically, the URI chosen for the namespace of a given XML vocabulary describes a resource under the control of the author or organization defining the vocabulary

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Namespace declaration An XML namespace is declared using the reserved XML attribute xmlns or xmlns:prefix, the value of which must be a valid namespace name: xmlns:xhtml=" Any element or attribute whose name starts with the prefix "xhtml:" is considered to be in the XHTML namespace

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Default Namespace It is also possible to declare a default namespace: xmlns=" In this case, any element without a namespace prefix is considered to be in the XHTML namespace, if it or an ancestor has the above default namespace declaration Attributes are never subject to the default namespace

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Well-formed XML document Well-formed = correct syntax The begin, end, and empty-element tags that delimit the elements are correctly nested, with none missing and none overlapping. The element tags are case-sensitive; the beginning and end tags must match exactly. There is a single "root" element that contains all the other elements

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Valid XML Document Valid = well-formed + semantic-correct Semantic is described with: Document Type Definition (DTD) or XML Schema definition (XSD) Contains rules that explain how a document should be formed, by specifying the legal child elements and attributes for each element