🗊Презентация Basic programming

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Tirgul 2 Basic programming
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Tirgul 2 Basic programming

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Overview Variables Types : int, float, string User input Functions with input and output The Boolean type and Boolean operations Conditional operation (if…else…)
Описание слайда:
Overview Variables Types : int, float, string User input Functions with input and output The Boolean type and Boolean operations Conditional operation (if…else…)

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Variables - Motivation Write a program which calculates the difference in the areas of a square with side = 1.5 and the circle enclosed within it.
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Variables - Motivation Write a program which calculates the difference in the areas of a square with side = 1.5 and the circle enclosed within it.

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Variables - Motivation 1.5*1.5 –3.14*(1.5/2 )**2
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Variables - Motivation 1.5*1.5 –3.14*(1.5/2 )**2

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Variables - Motivation Two problems : The expression 1.5*1.5 –3.14*(1.5/2 )**2 is really difficult to understand : When you get back to it after one week When debugging When the side of the square changes. Should you have an expression per side-length? Side=1.5 : 1.5*1.5 – 3.14*(1.5/2 )**2 Side=3.7 : 3.7*3.7 – 3.14*(3.7/2 )**2 Side=9 : 9*9 – 3.14*(9/2) )**2
Описание слайда:
Variables - Motivation Two problems : The expression 1.5*1.5 –3.14*(1.5/2 )**2 is really difficult to understand : When you get back to it after one week When debugging When the side of the square changes. Should you have an expression per side-length? Side=1.5 : 1.5*1.5 – 3.14*(1.5/2 )**2 Side=3.7 : 3.7*3.7 – 3.14*(3.7/2 )**2 Side=9 : 9*9 – 3.14*(9/2) )**2

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Variables - Motivation Wouldn’t it be much more readable, modular, easy to modify in this format : side = 1.5, PI = 3.14 square_area = side*side radius = side/2 circle_area = PI*r2 answer = square_area – circle_area
Описание слайда:
Variables - Motivation Wouldn’t it be much more readable, modular, easy to modify in this format : side = 1.5, PI = 3.14 square_area = side*side radius = side/2 circle_area = PI*r2 answer = square_area – circle_area

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Variables Variables let us define “memory units” which can “remember” values. Variables have 2 main components : name value
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Variables Variables let us define “memory units” which can “remember” values. Variables have 2 main components : name value

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Variables Variables have 2 main functionalities : Set their value number_of_apples = 3 Get their values tomorrow_apples = number_of_apples + 1
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Variables Variables have 2 main functionalities : Set their value number_of_apples = 3 Get their values tomorrow_apples = number_of_apples + 1

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Variables – Naming conventions Use lower case letter number,apples Separate multiple words with underscore word_and_more_words Use meaningful names for names (don’t be shy to open a dictionary) z = x/y ??? words_per_page = words_in_book/number_of_pages  Use capitals for constants (variables which do not change their value after first initialization) PI = 3.14, ERROR_MESSAGE = ‘You had an error’
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Variables – Naming conventions Use lower case letter number,apples Separate multiple words with underscore word_and_more_words Use meaningful names for names (don’t be shy to open a dictionary) z = x/y ??? words_per_page = words_in_book/number_of_pages  Use capitals for constants (variables which do not change their value after first initialization) PI = 3.14, ERROR_MESSAGE = ‘You had an error’

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Types Can we perform the following command ? x = 3 + 5 And this one ? x = 3 + “hello” Why not? 3 and ‘hello’ are not of the same category. The name Python gives to the categories which differentiate between objects such as 3 and ‘hello’ are called type.
Описание слайда:
Types Can we perform the following command ? x = 3 + 5 And this one ? x = 3 + “hello” Why not? 3 and ‘hello’ are not of the same category. The name Python gives to the categories which differentiate between objects such as 3 and ‘hello’ are called type.

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Types int (Integer) : represent an Integer number (מספר שלם). E.g. 1024, 13, 92,0 float : represent a fractional number. E.g. : 0.0, 15.62545, 3.14 str (String) : represent text, a list of characters. Defined between a couple of apostrophe or quotes (equivalent). E.g. ‘hello’, “hello”, ‘13’
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Types int (Integer) : represent an Integer number (מספר שלם). E.g. 1024, 13, 92,0 float : represent a fractional number. E.g. : 0.0, 15.62545, 3.14 str (String) : represent text, a list of characters. Defined between a couple of apostrophe or quotes (equivalent). E.g. ‘hello’, “hello”, ‘13’

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Types The type() function receives a value and return its type. type(3)  int type(3.0)  float type('3.0')  str What happens when we mix types? type(1 + 0.5)  float type(1 + 'some string')  ?
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Types The type() function receives a value and return its type. type(3)  int type(3.0)  float type('3.0')  str What happens when we mix types? type(1 + 0.5)  float type(1 + 'some string')  ?

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Types What happens when we mix types? type(1 + 'some string') TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str' This is an error message which tells us we have tried to execute a command not supported by the language.
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Types What happens when we mix types? type(1 + 'some string') TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str' This is an error message which tells us we have tried to execute a command not supported by the language.

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Error message Error messages are our friends, they help us detect bugs in our program and point out how to fix them. When you get an error “keep calm and read the error message”.
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Error message Error messages are our friends, they help us detect bugs in our program and point out how to fix them. When you get an error “keep calm and read the error message”.

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Error message - Example >>> x = 49 >>> x/(49**0.5 - 7) Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:/my_python/test.py", line 9, in <module> x/(49**0.5 - 7) ZeroDivisionError: float division by zero Remember - “keep calm and read the error message”
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Error message - Example >>> x = 49 >>> x/(49**0.5 - 7) Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:/my_python/test.py", line 9, in <module> x/(49**0.5 - 7) ZeroDivisionError: float division by zero Remember - “keep calm and read the error message”

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Error message - Example Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:/my_python/test.py", line 2, in <module> x/(49**0.5 - 7) ZeroDivisionError: float division by zero
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Error message - Example Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:/my_python/test.py", line 2, in <module> x/(49**0.5 - 7) ZeroDivisionError: float division by zero

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Error message - Example Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:/my_python/test.py", line 2, in <module> x/(49**0.5 - 7) ZeroDivisionError: float division by zero
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Error message - Example Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:/my_python/test.py", line 2, in <module> x/(49**0.5 - 7) ZeroDivisionError: float division by zero

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Error message - Example Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:/my_python/test.py", line 2, in <module> x/(49**0.5 - 7) ZeroDivisionError: float division by zero
Описание слайда:
Error message - Example Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:/my_python/test.py", line 2, in <module> x/(49**0.5 - 7) ZeroDivisionError: float division by zero

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Error message - Example Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:/my_python/test.py", line 2, in <module> x/(49**0.5 - 7) ZeroDivisionError: float division by zero
Описание слайда:
Error message - Example Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:/my_python/test.py", line 2, in <module> x/(49**0.5 - 7) ZeroDivisionError: float division by zero

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Error message - Example Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:/my_python/test.py", line 2, in <module> x/(49**0.5 - 7) ZeroDivisionError: float division by zero
Описание слайда:
Error message - Example Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:/my_python/test.py", line 2, in <module> x/(49**0.5 - 7) ZeroDivisionError: float division by zero

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Error message - Example Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:/my_python/test.py", line 2, in <module> x/(49**0.5 - 7) ZeroDivisionError: float division by zero
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Error message - Example Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:/my_python/test.py", line 2, in <module> x/(49**0.5 - 7) ZeroDivisionError: float division by zero

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But what if we do want to mix types? my_apples = 3 print('I have ' + my_apples + ' apples') TypeError: Can't convert 'int' object to str implicitly The error message tells us we have tried to convert an int to a str but we cannot do this implicitly. So let’s do it explicitly.
Описание слайда:
But what if we do want to mix types? my_apples = 3 print('I have ' + my_apples + ' apples') TypeError: Can't convert 'int' object to str implicitly The error message tells us we have tried to convert an int to a str but we cannot do this implicitly. So let’s do it explicitly.

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Converting types (casting) int, float and str are not only names of types but also names of functions which convert between types. Example : str(5)  '5' float(5)  5.0 int('5')  5
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Converting types (casting) int, float and str are not only names of types but also names of functions which convert between types. Example : str(5)  '5' float(5)  5.0 int('5')  5

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Converting types – int(),float() Converts string representing numbers to the represented numbers int('5')5 Cannot convert strings not representing an int : int('5.5'), int('Hello') Converts float to int by rounding the number down. int(5.9)5 Converts string representing numbers to the represented numbers float('5.5')5.5 Cannot convert strings not representing a float: float('Hello') Converts int to float by treating it as a round number. float(5)5.0
Описание слайда:
Converting types – int(),float() Converts string representing numbers to the represented numbers int('5')5 Cannot convert strings not representing an int : int('5.5'), int('Hello') Converts float to int by rounding the number down. int(5.9)5 Converts string representing numbers to the represented numbers float('5.5')5.5 Cannot convert strings not representing a float: float('Hello') Converts int to float by treating it as a round number. float(5)5.0

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User input To make a program interactive we can ask the user for some inputs and act upon them. The function input(s) : Prints to the screen s Halts the program execution and waits for the user to insert some input and press enter Return a string representing the user’s input
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User input To make a program interactive we can ask the user for some inputs and act upon them. The function input(s) : Prints to the screen s Halts the program execution and waits for the user to insert some input and press enter Return a string representing the user’s input

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User input - Example square_side = input('Insert side length: ') # Wait for user … 3 - The value of square_side is 3 area = square_side * square_side Will this work?
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User input - Example square_side = input('Insert side length: ') # Wait for user … 3 - The value of square_side is 3 area = square_side * square_side Will this work?

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User input - Example area = square_side * square_side '3'*'3' TypeError: can't multiply sequence by non-int of type 'str' Input returns a string, and we can’t multiply string by string. So what do we do? Convert types
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User input - Example area = square_side * square_side '3'*'3' TypeError: can't multiply sequence by non-int of type 'str' Input returns a string, and we can’t multiply string by string. So what do we do? Convert types

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User input - Example square_side = float(input('Insert side length: ')) # Wait for user … 3 area = square_side * square_side The value of area is 9.0
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User input - Example square_side = float(input('Insert side length: ')) # Wait for user … 3 area = square_side * square_side The value of area is 9.0

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Functions with input def function_name(param1, param2,…,paramN): #indented code is here #as usual
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Functions with input def function_name(param1, param2,…,paramN): #indented code is here #as usual

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Functions with input When we call a function with input parameters, we can use the parameters’ value inside the function using their name.
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Functions with input When we call a function with input parameters, we can use the parameters’ value inside the function using their name.

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Functions with input
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Functions with input

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Functions with input
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Functions with input

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Functions with input
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Functions with input

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A word about scopes
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A word about scopes

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A word about scopes
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A word about scopes

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A word about scopes
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A word about scopes

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A word about scopes
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A word about scopes

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A function with more than 1 input def get_details(name, password): print('Name is :' + name + ', Password is:' + password ) get_details('John', '1234')
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A function with more than 1 input def get_details(name, password): print('Name is :' + name + ', Password is:' + password ) get_details('John', '1234')

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Functions’ parameters default value Sometimes …. A function has an obvious use case that will be utilized most of the time You have prepared a good option for the user but don’t want to force her to use it In such cases, you can define a default value to the function’s parameters. A value that will be used if no other value is specified.
Описание слайда:
Functions’ parameters default value Sometimes …. A function has an obvious use case that will be utilized most of the time You have prepared a good option for the user but don’t want to force her to use it In such cases, you can define a default value to the function’s parameters. A value that will be used if no other value is specified.

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Functions’ parameters default value def shoresh(number, root=2): print(number ** (1/root)) The first parameter, number, has no default value. Hence every call to the function must indicate its value. The second parameter, root, has a default value. Hence if we don’t indicate its value it will get the default declared value, 2.
Описание слайда:
Functions’ parameters default value def shoresh(number, root=2): print(number ** (1/root)) The first parameter, number, has no default value. Hence every call to the function must indicate its value. The second parameter, root, has a default value. Hence if we don’t indicate its value it will get the default declared value, 2.

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Functions’ parameters default value def shoresh(number, root=2): print(number ** (1/root)) shoresh(64) # Here we didn’t indicate the second variable, hence the default value was used >> 8 shoresh(64, 3) # Here we indicated the second variable, hence its value was used and not the default >> 4
Описание слайда:
Functions’ parameters default value def shoresh(number, root=2): print(number ** (1/root)) shoresh(64) # Here we didn’t indicate the second variable, hence the default value was used >> 8 shoresh(64, 3) # Here we indicated the second variable, hence its value was used and not the default >> 4

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Function’s return value Many times we want functions to not only perform some functionality, but also to return a result. Using the return keyword, a function is able to return a value.
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Function’s return value Many times we want functions to not only perform some functionality, but also to return a result. Using the return keyword, a function is able to return a value.

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Function’s return value def always_return_5(): return 5 print('hi')
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Function’s return value def always_return_5(): return 5 print('hi')

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Function’s return value def always_return_5(): return 5 print('hi') print(3 + always_return_5()) >>> 8
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Function’s return value def always_return_5(): return 5 print('hi') print(3 + always_return_5()) >>> 8

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Function calling a function We can use the return value of one function as another function’s input. def per_week(per_day=1): return per_day * 7 def per_year(how_many_per_week): return how_many_per_week * 52 print('Apples per year : ' + str(per_year(per_week()))) What happens here?
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Function calling a function We can use the return value of one function as another function’s input. def per_week(per_day=1): return per_day * 7 def per_year(how_many_per_week): return how_many_per_week * 52 print('Apples per year : ' + str(per_year(per_week()))) What happens here?

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Function calling a function def per_week(per_day=1): return per_day * 7 # return 7 def per_year(how_many_per_week): return how_many_per_week * 52 print('Apples per year : ' + str(per_year(per_week()))) per_week()is called with no value and so gets the default value, 1, hence its return value is 7.
Описание слайда:
Function calling a function def per_week(per_day=1): return per_day * 7 # return 7 def per_year(how_many_per_week): return how_many_per_week * 52 print('Apples per year : ' + str(per_year(per_week()))) per_week()is called with no value and so gets the default value, 1, hence its return value is 7.

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Function calling a function def per_week(per_day=1): return per_day * 7 # return 7 def per_year(how_many_per_week): return how_many_per_week * 52 # return 364 print('Apples per year : ' + str(per_year(7))) per_year()is called with the value 7 and so returns the value 364
Описание слайда:
Function calling a function def per_week(per_day=1): return per_day * 7 # return 7 def per_year(how_many_per_week): return how_many_per_week * 52 # return 364 print('Apples per year : ' + str(per_year(7))) per_year()is called with the value 7 and so returns the value 364

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Function calling a function We can use the return value of one function as another function’s input. def per_week(per_day =1): return per_day * 7 # return 7 def per_year(how_many_per_week): return how_many_per_week * 52 # return 364 print('Apples per year : ' + str(per_year(7))) >>> Apples per year : 364
Описание слайда:
Function calling a function We can use the return value of one function as another function’s input. def per_week(per_day =1): return per_day * 7 # return 7 def per_year(how_many_per_week): return how_many_per_week * 52 # return 364 print('Apples per year : ' + str(per_year(7))) >>> Apples per year : 364

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Multiple outputs functions To return more than one value, separate return values by comma def diff_and_ratio(num1, num2): return num1-num2, num1/num2 diff, ratio = diff_and_ratio(1, 5) print(diff) print(ratio)
Описание слайда:
Multiple outputs functions To return more than one value, separate return values by comma def diff_and_ratio(num1, num2): return num1-num2, num1/num2 diff, ratio = diff_and_ratio(1, 5) print(diff) print(ratio)

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None None is a special value which is used to represent absence of value. Every function which does not return value explicitly, return None implicitly.
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None None is a special value which is used to represent absence of value. Every function which does not return value explicitly, return None implicitly.

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None - example def print_hi(): print('hi') x = print_hi() # x is assigned the value None print(x) >>>hi >>>None
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None - example def print_hi(): print('hi') x = print_hi() # x is assigned the value None print(x) >>>hi >>>None

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The Boolean type Like int, str and float , Boolean is another Python type. Boolean can get only one of two values : True False type(True) >>> <class 'bool'>
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The Boolean type Like int, str and float , Boolean is another Python type. Boolean can get only one of two values : True False type(True) >>> <class 'bool'>

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Boolean expressions Boolean expressions are expressions which use Boolean operators to evaluate a value of True or False. For example > is a Boolean operator. Its Boolean evaluation is “Is the object on the right larger than the object on the left?” 5 > 7 is a Boolean expression because it uses a Boolean operator. Its value is False.
Описание слайда:
Boolean expressions Boolean expressions are expressions which use Boolean operators to evaluate a value of True or False. For example > is a Boolean operator. Its Boolean evaluation is “Is the object on the right larger than the object on the left?” 5 > 7 is a Boolean expression because it uses a Boolean operator. Its value is False.

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Boolean operators
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Boolean operators

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Boolean expressions 7 == 4  ? (7 != 2) == (5 > 4)  ? type(5 > 7) == type(8 < 3)  ?
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Boolean expressions 7 == 4  ? (7 != 2) == (5 > 4)  ? type(5 > 7) == type(8 < 3)  ?

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Boolean expressions 7 == 4  False (7 != 2) == (5 > 4)  True type(5 > 7) == type(8 < 3)  True
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Boolean expressions 7 == 4  False (7 != 2) == (5 > 4)  True type(5 > 7) == type(8 < 3)  True

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Complex Boolean operators Take few Boolean operators and evaluate a new Boolean value from them. and and or evaluate 2 Boolean expressions not evaluates 1 Boolean expression The return value of complex Boolean operators could be represented in a Truth table – a table that lists al the combination of truth value of input variables and their evaluated output
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Complex Boolean operators Take few Boolean operators and evaluate a new Boolean value from them. and and or evaluate 2 Boolean expressions not evaluates 1 Boolean expression The return value of complex Boolean operators could be represented in a Truth table – a table that lists al the combination of truth value of input variables and their evaluated output

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Complex Boolean operators Truth table
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Complex Boolean operators Truth table

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Conditional operation We do not always want to execute all the lines in our code. Sometimes we want to execute some lines only if a certain condition is maintained. For example : Divide 9 by user’s input. We get the number from the user. Only if the number is different than 0, we can divide 9 by it.
Описание слайда:
Conditional operation We do not always want to execute all the lines in our code. Sometimes we want to execute some lines only if a certain condition is maintained. For example : Divide 9 by user’s input. We get the number from the user. Only if the number is different than 0, we can divide 9 by it.

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Conditional operation - if How do we implement this notion in Python? if boolean_expression: #Code to perform if the #boolean_expression is True #(Note the indentation under the if #block).
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Conditional operation - if How do we implement this notion in Python? if boolean_expression: #Code to perform if the #boolean_expression is True #(Note the indentation under the if #block).

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Conditional operation - if For example : num = float(input('Insert a number‘)) if num != 0 : print(9/num) But what if the number does equal 0? We still want to let the user know.
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Conditional operation - if For example : num = float(input('Insert a number‘)) if num != 0 : print(9/num) But what if the number does equal 0? We still want to let the user know.

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Conditional operation - if num = float(input('Insert a number')) if num != 0 : print(9/num) if num == 0 : print('Cannot divide by 0') This is not a natural way to present our intention. What we would usually say is : if the number is different than 0 divide, else print some message to the user. Python lets us use such structure using the else keyword.
Описание слайда:
Conditional operation - if num = float(input('Insert a number')) if num != 0 : print(9/num) if num == 0 : print('Cannot divide by 0') This is not a natural way to present our intention. What we would usually say is : if the number is different than 0 divide, else print some message to the user. Python lets us use such structure using the else keyword.

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Conditional operation - else num = float(input('Insert a number')) if num != 0 : print(9/num) else: print('Cannot divide by 0') else should appear directly under an if block with the same indention.
Описание слайда:
Conditional operation - else num = float(input('Insert a number')) if num != 0 : print(9/num) else: print('Cannot divide by 0') else should appear directly under an if block with the same indention.

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Conditional operation - elif And what if we had some more options to choose from? If condition1 then result1, if not, than if condition2 then result2 … if not, than if conditionN then resultN If none of the above then result_Final Use elif! (=else if)
Описание слайда:
Conditional operation - elif And what if we had some more options to choose from? If condition1 then result1, if not, than if condition2 then result2 … if not, than if conditionN then resultN If none of the above then result_Final Use elif! (=else if)

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Conditional operation - elif if now == 'Morning': print('Good morning!') elif now == 'Noon': print('Good noon') else: print('It must be evening') The first elif should appear directly under an if block with the same indention. As many elif’s as you wish can follow. elif can be terminated by a single else, or not at all.
Описание слайда:
Conditional operation - elif if now == 'Morning': print('Good morning!') elif now == 'Noon': print('Good noon') else: print('It must be evening') The first elif should appear directly under an if block with the same indention. As many elif’s as you wish can follow. elif can be terminated by a single else, or not at all.

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Nested if What operations could be included inside an if block? Any operations we like : print input … and – another if! An if inside another if is called nested if – it opens a new block with its own indentation.
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Nested if What operations could be included inside an if block? Any operations we like : print input … and – another if! An if inside another if is called nested if – it opens a new block with its own indentation.

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Nested if - example if now == 'morning': if 'y' == input('Are you hungry?'): print('Bon appetit!') else: print('Some other time than') elif now == 'Noon': print('Good noon') else: print('Good night')
Описание слайда:
Nested if - example if now == 'morning': if 'y' == input('Are you hungry?'): print('Bon appetit!') else: print('Some other time than') elif now == 'Noon': print('Good noon') else: print('Good night')

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Nested if - example if now == 'morning': if 'y' == input('Are you hungry?'): print('Bon appetit!') else: print('Some other time than') elif now == 'Noon': print('Good noon') else: print('Good night')
Описание слайда:
Nested if - example if now == 'morning': if 'y' == input('Are you hungry?'): print('Bon appetit!') else: print('Some other time than') elif now == 'Noon': print('Good noon') else: print('Good night')

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split() The method split() returns a list of all the words in the string, using a given string as the separator (default is whitespace) # a = 'hello'; b = 'world' >>> a,b = 'hello world'.split() # a = 'hell'; b = 'w'; c = 'rld' >>> a,b,c = 'hello world'.split('o')
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split() The method split() returns a list of all the words in the string, using a given string as the separator (default is whitespace) # a = 'hello'; b = 'world' >>> a,b = 'hello world'.split() # a = 'hell'; b = 'w'; c = 'rld' >>> a,b,c = 'hello world'.split('o')

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Example Calculate the circumference (היקף) of a circle or square according to user request. Let’s break the problem into parts : 1. Get user input 2. Validate if is it either a circle or a rectangle If it is not print an error message and do not continue 3(a). If it is a circle Ask for the radius, calculate circumference 3 (b). If it is a square Ask for the side’s length, calculate circumference 4. Report to user the calculated result
Описание слайда:
Example Calculate the circumference (היקף) of a circle or square according to user request. Let’s break the problem into parts : 1. Get user input 2. Validate if is it either a circle or a rectangle If it is not print an error message and do not continue 3(a). If it is a circle Ask for the radius, calculate circumference 3 (b). If it is a square Ask for the side’s length, calculate circumference 4. Report to user the calculated result

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Example – break it up into functions calculate_circle_ circumference() calculate_rectangle_ circumference() is_valid_shape_choice(choice) get_user_input() calculater_user_choice_circumference() error_safe_circumference() Then call the function to run the program: error_safe_circumference()
Описание слайда:
Example – break it up into functions calculate_circle_ circumference() calculate_rectangle_ circumference() is_valid_shape_choice(choice) get_user_input() calculater_user_choice_circumference() error_safe_circumference() Then call the function to run the program: error_safe_circumference()

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Basic programming, слайд №72
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Basic programming, слайд №73
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Summary Today we have learned : How to use variable What are types and how to convert between them How to receive an input from a user How to use functions which get input and return output Conditional operation : if, elif, else
Описание слайда:
Summary Today we have learned : How to use variable What are types and how to convert between them How to receive an input from a user How to use functions which get input and return output Conditional operation : if, elif, else

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