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C++ Classes How to Create and Use Them (Constructor, Destructor) By Kouros

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Overview Functions in Classes (methods) Constructor Accessors/Modifiers Miscellaneous Terminology File Topology Designing Classes The Driver and Object instantiation

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Class Constructors A class constructor is a member function whose purpose is to initialize the private data members of a class object The name of a constructor is always the name of the class, and there is no return type for the constructor A class may have several constructors with different parameter lists. A constructor with no parameters is the default constructor A constructor is implicitly and automaticly invoked when a class object is declared--if there are parameters, their values are listed in parentheses in the declaration

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Specification of TimeType Class Constructors class TimeType // timetype.h { public : // 7 function members void Set ( int hours , int minutes , int seconds ) ; void Increment ( ) ; void Write ( ) const ; bool Equal ( TimeType otherTime ) const ; bool LessThan ( TimeType otherTime ) const ; TimeType ( int initHrs , int initMins , int initSecs ) ; // constructor TimeType ( ) ; // default constructor private : // 3 data members int hrs ; int mins ; int secs ; } ;

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Implementation of TimeType Default Constructor TimeType :: TimeType ( ) // Default Constructor // Postcondition: // hrs == 0 && mins == 0 && secs == 0 { hrs = 0 ; mins = 0 ; secs = 0 ; }

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Implementation of Another TimeType Class Constructor TimeType :: TimeType (int initHrs, int initMins, int initSecs ) // Constructor // Precondition: 0

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Automatic invocation of constructors occurs Main(){ TimeType departureTime ; // default constructor invoked TimeType movieTime (19, 30, 0 ) ; // parameterized constructor departureTime movieTime }

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The Class Destructor A destructor is a special member function of a class that is executed whenever an object of it's class goes out of scope or whenever the delete expression is applied to a pointer to the object of that class. A destructor will have exact same name as the class prefixed with a tilde (~) and it can neither return a value nor can it take any parameters. Destructor can be very useful for releasing resources before coming out of the program like closing files, releasing memories etc.

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Destructor example CDog ::~CDog (void) { cout

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A “real life” example The CDog Attributes (characteristics) rabid or not rabid (bool) weight (int or float) name (char [ ]) Behaviors growl eat

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Step 1: The Skeleton class CDog { // attributes will go here – name, weight, rabid // behaviors will go here – growl, eat };

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Step 2: The attributes class CDog { public: boolean rabid; int weight; char name[255]; // Behaviors go here };

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Step 3: The Constructor This is a special function Used to give initial values to ALL attributes Is activated when someone creates a new instance of the class The name of this function MUST be the same name as the class

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Step 3: Designing the Constructor Constructors will vary, depending on design Ask questions: Are all CDogs born either rabid or non-rabid? (yes – they are all born non-rabid) Are all CDogs born with the same weight? (no – they are born with different weights) Are all CDogs born with the same name? (no – they all have different names) If ever “no”, then you need information passed in as parameters.

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Step 3: The Constructor class CDog { public: boolean rabidOrNot; int weight; char name [255]; // Constructor CDog::CDog (int x, String y) { rabid = false; weight = x; strcpy (name, y); } // Behaviors go here };

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Back to CDog class CDog { public: boolean rabidOrNot; int weight; char name [255]; // Constructor CDog::CDog (int x, char y[ ]) { rabid = false; weight = x; strcpy (name, y); } CDog ::~CDog () { cout

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Miscellaneous Methods Follow the pattern void CDog::eat ( ) { cout

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Add Methods class CDog { public: boolean rabidOrNot; int weight; char name [255]; // Constructor CDog::CDog (int x, char y[ ]) { rabid = false; weight = x; strcpy (name, y); } void CDog::eat ( ) { cout

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Create New Object(Instance) Cdog c1 ; // create an object that run default constructor CDog c2 (7, “Ethel”); // create an object that run other constructor CDog* c1 = new CDog (14, “Bob”); // create a pointer object

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The “.” and “->” operators “Dot” operator used for non-pointers to: Get to an instances attributes Get to an instances methods Basically get inside the instance Format: . Arrow operator used for pointers Format: ->

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Using the “.” and “->” Operators #include void main ( ) { CDog* c1; c1 = new CDog (14, “Bob”); CDog c2 (7, “Ethel”); c2.bark( ); c1->growl( ); }

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Accessors and Modifiers Accessor for the rabid attribute bool CDog::getRabid ( ) { return rabid; } Modifier for the rabid attribute void CDog::setRabid (bool myBoolean) { rabid = myBoolean; } Put these inside of the CDog class

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Using accessors and modifiers #include void main ( ) { CDog* c1; c1 = new CDog (14, “Bob”); CDog c2 (7, “Ethel”); c1->setRabid (1); // prints 1 for true cout getRabid( )

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Make a Separate Header File (for the generic description) class CDog { public: int weight; bool rabid; char name [ ]; CDog (int x, char y[ ]); bool getRabid ( ); void setRabid (bool x); char [ ] getName ( ); void setName (char z[ ]); int getWeight ( ); void setWeight (int x); void bark( ); void growl( ); };

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Our Final CDog.cpp #include #include // Constructor CDog::CDog (int x, char y[ ]) { rabid = false; weight = x; strcpy(name, y); } void CDog::eat ( ) { cout

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Hierarchical (Nested) class class Host { public: class Nested { public: void PrintMe() { cout

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Simple Nested class class A{...}; class B{ public: A a;//declare members B() : a(...) { } // constructors are called here };

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Summary of Class Concepts A class is a generic description which may have many instances When creating classes Make the constructor Make the accessors/modifiers/miscellaneous Classes go in separate files The “.” and “->” operators tell the instances which method to run