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C++ Programming Jingping Li (Simon) xxtjingping@buu.edu.cn

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Introduction Procedural, Structured, and Object-Oriented Programming Procedural or Structured A computer program can be thought of as consisting of a set of tasks. Structured programming remains an enormously successful approach for dealing with complex problems.

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Introduction First, it is natural to think of your data (employee records, for example) and what you can do with your data (sort, edit, and so on) as related ideas. Second, programmers found themselves constantly reinventing new solutions to old problems. Event-driven means that an event happens--the user presses a button or chooses from a menu--and the program must respond.

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Introduction object-oriented programming (OOP)is to treat data and the procedures that act upon the data as a single "object"--a self-contained entity with an identity and certain characteristics of its own. "data controlling access to code”

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C++ and Object-Oriented Programming C++ fully supports object-oriented programming, including the four pillars of object-oriented development: encapsulation, data hiding, inheritance, and polymorphism. With encapsulation, we can accomplish data hiding. Data hiding is the highly valued characteristic that an object can be used without the user knowing or caring how it works internally.

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C++ and Object-Oriented Programming C++ supports the idea of reuse through inheritance. A new type, which is an extension of an existing type, can be declared. This new subclass is said to derive from the existing type and is sometimes called a derived type. different objects do "the right thing" through what is called function polymorphism and class polymorphism.

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Creating an Executable File The steps to create an executable file are 1. Create a source code file, with a .CPP extension(txt file). 2. Compile the source code into a file with the .OBJ extension(binary file). 3. Link your OBJ file with any needed libraries to produce an executable program.

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First program 1: #include 2: 3: int main() 4: { 5: cout

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Question and answer

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parts of a C++ program 1: #include 2: 3: int main() 4: { 5: cout

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A Brief Look at cout

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Comments----before function /**************************************************** Program: Hello World File: Hello.cpp Function: Main (complete program listing in this file) Description: Prints the words "Hello world" to the screen Author: Jesse Liberty (jl) Environment: Turbo C++ version 4, 486/66 32mb RAM, Windows 3.1 DOS 6.0. EasyWin module. *******************************************************/

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Variable How to declare and define variables and constants. The role of a variable in programm. How to assign values to variables and manipulate those values.--- variable's name How to write the value of a variable to the screen.

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Enumerated Constants Enumerated constants enable you to create new types and then to define variables of those types whose values are restricted to a set of possible values. enum COLOR { RED, BLUE, GREEN, WHITE, BLACK };

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Enumerated Constants This statement performs two tasks: 1. It makes COLOR the name of an enumeration, that is, a new type. 2. It makes RED a symbolic constant with the value 0, BLUE a symbolic constant with the value 1, GREEN a symbolic constant with the value 2, and so forth. Every enumerated constant has an integer value.

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Enumerated Constants Any one of the constants can be initialized with a particular value, however, and those that are not initialized will count upward from the ones before them. enum Color { RED=100, BLUE, GREEN=500, WHITE, BLACK=700 }; then RED will have the value 100; BLUE, the value 101; GREEN, the value 500; WHITE, the value 501; and BLACK, the value 700.

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#include #include int main() { enum Days { Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday }; Days DayOff; int x; cout > x; DayOff = Days(x); if (DayOff == Sunday || DayOff == Saturday) cout

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Results Output: What day would you like off (0-6)? 1 Okay, I'll put in the vacation day. What day would you like off (0-6)? 0 You're already off on weekends! What day would you like off (0-6)? 3 ? What day would you like off (0-6)?6

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Expressions and Statements Statements In C++ a statement controls the sequence of execution, evaluates an expression, or does nothing (the null statement). All C++ statements end with a semicolon, even the null statement, which is just the semicolon and nothing else. x = a + b;

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Blocks and Compound Statements Any place you can put a single statement, you can put a compound statement, also called a block. A block begins with an opening brace ({) and ends with a closing brace (}). Although every statement in the block must end with a semicolon, the block itself does not end with a semicolon. A block of code acts as one statement

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Expressions Expression is a legal set of operators and operands. Anything that can result to a value is an expression. In other word any expression has a value. 3.14 x = a + b y = x = a + b

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Operators Assignment Operator = Mathematical Operators There are five mathematical operators: addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), division (/), and modulus (%). Combining the Assignment and Mathematical Operators There are self-assigned subtraction (-=), division (/=), multiplication (*=), and modulus (%=) operators as well.

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Precedence x = 5 + 3 + 72 + 24 TotalSeconds = NumMinutesToThink + NumMinutesToType * 60 Nesting Parentheses complicated expression is read from the inside out

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Relational Operators A condition is represented by a logical (Boolean) expression that can be true or false Relational operators: Allow comparisons Require two operands (binary) Evaluate to true or false

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Relational Operators (continued)

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Relational Operators and Simple Data Types You can use the relational operators with all three simple data types: 8 < 15 evaluates to true 6 != 6 evaluates to false 2.5 > 5.8 evaluates to false 5.9

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Comparing Characters

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Logical Operators

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Increment and Decrement increment operator (++) and the decrement operator(--) Prefix and Postfix The prefix operator is evaluated before the assignment, the postfix is evaluated after. a = ++x b = x++

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The Nature of Truth In C++, zero is considered false, and all other values (not zero)are considered true, although true is usually represented by 1. Especially some of the results of an expression

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Order of Precedence Relational and logical operators are evaluated from left to right The associativity is left to right Parentheses can override precedence

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Order of Precedence (continued)

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Order of Precedence (continued)

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Order of Precedence (continued)

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Order of Precedence (continued)

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Short-Circuit Evaluation Short-circuit evaluation: evaluation of a logical expression stops as soon as the value of the expression is known Example: (age >= 21) || ( x == 5) //Line 1 (grade == 'A') && (x >= 7) //Line 2

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Conditional (Ternary) Operator Syntax for using the conditional operator: (expression1) ? (expression2) : (expression3) If expression1 is true, the result of the conditional expression is expression2 Otherwise, the result is expression3 This line is read as "If expression1 is true, return the value of expression2; otherwise, return the value of expression3." Typically, this value would be assigned to a variable.

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int Data Type and Logical (Boolean) Expressions Earlier versions of C++ did not provide built-in data types that had Boolean values Logical expressions evaluate to either 1 or 0 The value of a logical expression was stored in a variable of the data type int You can use the int data type to manipulate logical (Boolean) expressions

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The bool Data Type and Logical (Boolean) Expressions The data type bool has logical (Boolean) values true and false bool, true, and false are reserved words The identifier true has the value 1 The identifier false has the value 0

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Logical (Boolean) Expressions Logical expressions can be unpredictable The following expression appears to represent a comparison of 0, num, and 10: 0

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Type Conversion in Expressions When constants and variables of different types are mixed in an expression, they are all converted to the same type. The compiler converts all operands up to the type of the largest operand, which is called type promotion.

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IF an operand is a long double IF an operand is a long double THEN the second is converted to long double ELSE IF an operand is a double THEN the second is converted to double ELSE IF an operand is a float THEN the second is converted to float ELSE IF an operand is an unsigned long THEN the second is converted to unsigned long ELSE IF an operand is long THEN the second is converted to long ELSE IF an operand is unsigned int THEN the second is converted to unsigned int

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The Comma Operator The comma operator strings together several expressions. The left side of the comma operator is always evaluated as void. This means that the expression on the right side becomes the value of the total comma-separated expression. x = (y=3, y+1); What is the value of x?

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Bitwise Operators Bitwise operation refers to testing, setting, or shifting the actual bits in a byte or word, which correspond to the char and int data types and variants. The operations are applied to the individual bits of the operands. the bitwise operations can be used to mask off certain bits, such as parity.

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$char get_char_from_modem(void) char get_char_from_modem(void) { char ch; ch = read_modem(); /* get a character from the modem port */ return(ch &...$

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char get_char_from_modem(void) char get_char_from_modem(void) { char ch; ch = read_modem(); /* get a character from the modem port */ return(ch & 127); }

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The bitwise OR, as the reverse of AND, can be used to set a bit. An exclusive OR, usually abbreviated XOR, will set a bit on if and only if the bits being compared are different. The bit-shift operators, >> and

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The one's complement operator, ~, reverses the state of each bit in its operand. That is, all 1's are set to 0, and all 0's are set to 1.

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Selection: if and if...else One-Way Selection Two-Way Selection Compound (Block of) Statements Multiple Selections: Nested if Comparing if...else Statements with a Series of if Statements

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Selection: if and if...else (continued) Using Pseudocode to Develop, Test, and Debug a Program Input Failure and the if Statement Confusion Between the Equality Operator (==) and the Assignment Operator (=) Conditional Operator (?:)

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One-Way Selection The syntax of one-way selection is: The statement is executed if the value of the expression is true The statement is bypassed if the value is false; program goes to the next statement if is a reserved word

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One-Way Selection (continued)

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One-Way Selection (continued)

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One-Way Selection (continued)

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Two-Way Selection Two-way selection takes the form: If expression is true, statement1 is executed; otherwise, statement2 is executed statement1 and statement2 are any C++ statements else is a reserved word

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Two-Way Selection (continued)

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Two-Way Selection (continued)

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Two-Way Selection (continued)

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Compound (Block of) Statement Compound statement (block of statements): A compound statement is a single statement

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Compound (Block of) Statement (continued) if (age > 18) { cout

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Multiple Selections: Nested if Nesting: one control statement in another An else is associated with the most recent if that has not been paired with an else

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Multiple Selections: Nested if (continued)

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Comparing if…else Statements with a Series of if Statements

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Using Pseudocode to Develop, Test, and Debug a Program Pseudocode (pseudo): provides a useful means to outline and refine a program before putting it into formal C++ code You must first develop a program using paper and pencil On paper, it is easier to spot errors and improve the program Especially with large programs

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Input Failure and the if Statement If input stream enters a fail state All subsequent input statements associated with that stream are ignored Program continues to execute May produce erroneous results Can use if statements to check status of input stream If stream enters the fail state, include instructions that stop program execution

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Confusion Between == and = C++ allows you to use any expression that can be evaluated to either true or false as an expression in the if statement: if (x = 5) cout

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switch Structures switch structure: alternate to if-else switch (integral) expression is evaluated first Value of the expression determines which corresponding action is taken Expression is sometimes called the selector

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switch Structures (continued) One or more statements may follow a case label Braces are not needed to turn multiple statements into a single compound statement The break statement may or may not appear after each statement switch, case, break, and default are reserved words

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Terminating a Program with the assert Function Certain types of errors that are very difficult to catch can occur in a program Example: division by zero can be difficult to catch using any of the programming techniques examined so far The predefined function, assert, is useful in stopping program execution when certain elusive errors occur

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The assert Function (continued) Syntax: expression is any logical expression If expression evaluates to true, the next statement executes If expression evaluates to false, the program terminates and indicates where in the program the error occurred To use assert, include cassert header file

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The assert Function (continued) assert is useful for enforcing programming constraints during program development After developing and testing a program, remove or disable assert statements The preprocessor directive #define NDEBUG must be placed before the directive #include to disable the assert statement

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Programming Example: Cable Company Billing This programming example calculates a customer’s bill for a local cable company There are two types of customers: Residential Business Two rates for calculating a cable bill: One for residential customers One for business customers

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Programming Example: Rates For residential customer: Bill processing fee: $4.50 Basic service fee: $20.50 Premium channel: $7.50 per channel For business customer: Bill processing fee: $15.00 Basic service fee: $75.00 for first 10 connections and $5.00 for each additional connection Premium channel cost: $50.00 per channel for any number of connections

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Programming Example: Requirements Ask user for account number and customer code Assume R or r stands for residential customer and B or b stands for business customer

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Programming Example: Input and Output Input: Customer account number Customer code Number of premium channels For business customers, number of basic service connections Output: Customer’s account number Billing amount

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Programming Example: Program Analysis Purpose: calculate and print billing amount Calculating billing amount requires: Customer for whom the billing amount is calculated (residential or business) Number of premium channels to which the customer subscribes For a business customer, you need: Number of basic service connections Number of premium channels

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Programming Example: Program Analysis (continued) Data needed to calculate the bill, such as bill processing fees and the cost of a premium channel, are known quantities The program should print the billing amount to two decimal places

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Programming Example: Algorithm Design Set precision to two decimal places Prompt user for account number and customer type If customer type is R or r Prompt user for number of premium channels Compute and print the bill If customer type is B or b Prompt user for number of basic service connections and number of premium channels Compute and print the bill

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Programming Example: Variables and Named Constants

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Programming Example: Formulas Billing for residential customers: amountDue = RES_BILL_PROC_FEES + RES_BASIC_SERV_COST + numOfPremChannels * RES_COST_PREM_CHANNEL;

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Programming Example: Formulas (continued) Billing for business customers: if (numOfBasicServConn

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Programming Example: Main Algorithm Output floating-point numbers in fixed decimal with decimal point and trailing zeros Output floating-point numbers with two decimal places and set the precision to two decimal places Prompt user to enter account number Get customer account number Prompt user to enter customer code Get customer code

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Programming Example: Main Algorithm (continued) If the customer code is r or R, Prompt user to enter number of premium channels Get the number of premium channels Calculate the billing amount Print account number and billing amount

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Programming Example: Main Algorithm (continued) If customer code is b or B, Prompt user to enter number of basic service connections Get number of basic service connections Prompt user to enter number of premium channels Get number of premium channels Calculate billing amount Print account number and billing amount

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Programming Example: Main Algorithm (continued) If customer code is other than r, R, b, or B, output an error message

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Looping The while Statement The syntax for the while statement is as follows: while ( condition ) statement; condition is any C++ expression, and statement is any valid C++ statement or block of statements.

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The do...while Statement The syntax for the do...while statement is as follows: do statement while (condition); // count to 10 int x = 0; do cout

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for Loops The syntax for the for statement is as follows: for (initialization; test; action ) statement; for (counter = 0; counter < 5; counter++) A for loop works in the following sequence: 1. Performs the operations in the initialization. 2. Evaluates the condition. 3. If the condition is TRUE, executes the action statement and the loop.

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example for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { cout

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Empty for Loops 1: //Listing 7.13 2: //Demonstrates null statement 3: // as body of for loop 4: 5: #include 6: int main() 7: { 8: for (int i = 0; i

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continue and break The continue statement jumps back to the top of the loop. break; causes the immediate end of a while or for loop.

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example:continue int values[10]; ... // Print the nonzero elements of the array. for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) { if (values[i] == 0) { // Skip over zero elements. continue; } // Print the (nonzero) element. std::cout

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Example: break example: // Read integers from standard input until an // error or end-of-file is encountered or a // negative integer is read. int x; while (std::cin >> x) { if (x < 0) { break; } std::cout

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Example: goto int i = 0; loop: // label for goto statement do { if (i == 3) { ++i; goto loop; } std::cout

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Summary Control structures alter normal control flow Most common control structures are selection and repetition Relational operators: ==, =, != Logical expressions evaluate to 1 (true) or 0 (false) Logical operators: ! (not), && (and), || (or)

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Summary (continued) Two selection structures: one-way selection and two-way selection The expression in an if or if...else structure is usually a logical expression No stand-alone else statement in C++ Every else has a related if A sequence of statements enclosed between braces, { and }, is called a compound statement or block of statements

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Summary (continued) Using assignment in place of the equality operator creates a semantic error switch structure handles multiway selection break statement ends switch statement Use assert to terminate a program if certain conditions are not met

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