🗊Презентация Intercultural Communication GLOBE studies of 62 Societies

Intercultural Communication GLOBE studies of 62 Societies Lecture 3 -4

Learning outcomes Being global is not just about where you do business. It is also about how you do it.

Aspects of Globalization of Business The increase of foreign customers and foreign competitors Travel and tourism The number of Internet users The increase o international flow of investment Globalization of financial markets Unprecedented growth of cross-border M&A trasaction Hence facing incrasing global employees, Customers, Suppliers, copetitors , creditors

Differing Views and Conceptualizations of Leadership Americans, Arabs, Asians, English, Eastern Europeans, French, Germans, Latin Americans, and Russians tend to romanticize the concept of leadership and consider leadership in both political and organizational arenas to be important. In these cultures leaders are commemorated with statues, names of major avenues or boulevards, or names of buildings. Many people of German-speaking Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Scandinavia are skeptical about leaders and the concept of leadership for fear that they will accumulate and abuse power. In these countries it is difficult to find public commemoration of leaders.

Uncertainty Avoidance Based on questionnaire responses from about 17,000 managers in 62 societies, our findings reveal that there is wide variation among societies on this dimension, ranging from 2.88 to 5.37 on a seven-point scale. Examples of societies that are very high on the tendency to avoid uncertainty are China, Singapore, and German-speaking and Scandinavian countries. Examples of societies that are very low on this tendency are the Latin American countries, and the Eastern European countries. Now consider how individuals in high and low uncertainty avoidance cultures tend to behave. Most individuals in high uncertainty avoidance cultures have a strong tendency toward formalizing their interactions with others, documenting agreements in legal contracts, being orderly, keeping meticulous rxecords, documenting conclusions drawn in meetings, formalizing policies and procedures, establishing and following rules, verifying verbal communications in writing, and taking moderate calculated risks. In contrast, most individuals in low uncertainty avoidance cultures tend to exhibit the following traits and practices: they are more informal; rely on the word of others they trust rather than contractual arrangements; are less concerned with orderliness and the maintenance of records; do not document the conclusions drawn in meetings; rely on informal interactions and informal norms rather than formalized policies, procedures, and rales; and tend to be less calculating when taking risks. If individuals from high and low uncertainty avoidance cultures are aware of their differences with respect to this cultural dimension, they will more likely know what to expect from each other, and possibly be able to negotiate mutually agreeable approaches to conflict resolution, problem solving, decision making, and management practices.

The GLOBE Study Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Humane Orientation Collectivism I: (Institutional) Collectivism II: (In-Group) Assertiveness Gender Egalitarianism Future Orientation Performance Orientation

Globe 9 cultural dimensions 7 point scale Leadership dimensions 10 cultural clusters The correlation for each dimension between the reported values and practices

Cultural dimension definitions

1. Performance orientation concept Performance orientation reflects the extent to which a community encourages and rewards innovation, high standards, perfomance improvement.

1. Higher Performance Orientation Societies Versus Lower Performance Orientation Societies

1. Performance Orientation: Society Values

1. Performance Orientation: Society Practices

1. The correlation between overall practices and values scores The 2 constructs are minimally related such that people’s aspirations are not strongly related to their current assessments. It supports the ideas that is it a fundamental humane attribute to desire a highly performance-oriented society independent of the current level of societal practices.

1. Comparative analysis of values and practices in Russia

1. Performance orientation Conclusion In the sense that cultural values of performance orientation exist more strongly among some peoples than others, and are a critical force in shaping and influencing their social and economic behavior.

2. Future orientation concept Future orientation has been identified as a dimension of the more general construct, time orientation, that relates to the subjective experience of time (Trommsdorff, 1983). Cultural future orientation is the degree to which a collectivity encourages and rewards future-oriented behaviors such as planning and delaying gratification (House et al., 1999).

2. Higher Performance Orientation Societies Versus Lower Performance Orientation Societies

2. Future Orientation: Society Values

2. Future Orientation: Society Practices

2. The correlation between overall practices and values scores Societal scores on the Future Orientation values scale are negatively correlated with the scores on the Future Orientation practices state. The negative correlations indicate that the lower the practices score, the higher the reported value of Future Orientation. The negative correlations societies reporting weaker practices of Future Orientation have stronger aspirations for FO. It may be that societies lacking FO practices suffer most form the uncertainty of not addressing the longer-term fundamental issues. Such societies are most conscious of the need for moving toward a more strategic and spiritually fulfilling perspective.

Comparative analysis of values and practices in Russia

2. Future orientation Conclusions Societies that are future oriented likely have organizations within them that are also future oriented. Industrialized and higher-income nations enjoy the present more and are not overly concerned about a future orientation because they have already accumulated substantial wealth and material resources. The emerging and lower-income nations may, on the other hand, see a stronger need for taking a long-term perspective and sacrificing for the future because they must cope with scarce and limited resources.

3. Gender Egalitarianism concept Human beings are complex, social creatures capable of assuming multiple roles at any given time and over the course of their lives. One of the most fundamental ways in which societies differ is in the extent to which each prescribes and proscribes different roles for women and men (Hofstede, 1980, 1998). Some societies are more gender egalitarian and seek to "minimize gender role differences" (House et al., 1999), whereas other societies are more gender differentiated and seek to maximize such differences.

3. Higher Gender Egalitarianism Societies Versus Lower Performance Orientation Societies

3. Gender Egalitarianism : Society Values

3. Gender Egalitarianism : Society Practices

3. The correlation between overall practices and values scores Managers' perceptions of their societies' practices and values with respect to Gender Egalitarianism are significantly correlated. The more gender egalitarian a society‘s current practices, the more gender egalitarian a manager's values.

Comparative analysis of values and practices in Russia

3. Gender Egalitarianism Conclusions The more gender egalitarian a society, the less it relies on biology to determine women's and men's social roles. This construct varies along a continuum in that societies can be rated as more or less gender egalitarian relative to other societies in the same study. More gender egalitarian societies believe that men and women are suited for similar roles, whereas less gender egalitarian societies believe that men and women should assume different roles.

4. Assertiveness concept cultural assertiveness reflects beliefs as to whether people are or should be encouraged to be assertive, aggressive, and tough, or nonassertive, aggressive, and tender in social relations. According to Hofstede aggressive carries a positive connotation only in what he calls masculine countries.

4. Higher Assertiveness Societies Versus Lower Assertiveness Societies

4. Assertiveness : Society Values

4. Assertiveness : Society Practices

4. The correlation between overall practices and values scores the desire for less Assertiveness, perhaps reflecting the wish to belong to a relatively nonthreatening, nonaggressive society. However, as stated, a third of the countries seem to want more Assertiveness, and many Asian countries, especially, stress assertiveness in this regard. Those societies that score higher on Assertiveness values show the following characteristics (significant correlation coefficiencies): They have more success in science and technology They have more respect for family and friends They are lower on egalitarian commitment

Comparative analysis of values and practices in Russia

4. Assertiveness: Conclusions Organizations reflect Assertiveness cultural values, but not practices, in the society in which they are embedded. the GLOBE Assertiveness practices measure was not correlated with Gender Egalitarianism (practices or values). However, Assertiveness values and Gender Egalitarianism values are negatively correlated, meaning that preferring more assertiveness is related to preferring less gender equality or more male-oriented values. The Assertiveness values scale was positively related to the Power Distance values measure.

5-6. Individualism and Collectivism concept of GLOBE

5-6. Higher Individualism-Collectivism versus Lower Individualism-Collectivism Societies

5-6.Societal Institutional Collectivism Values

5-6.Societal In-Group Collectivism Values

5-6. Societal Institutional Collectivism Practices

5-6. Societal In-Group Collectivism Practices

5-6. The correlation between overall practices and values scores the In-Group Collectivism practices scale is the most highly correlated with other well-established societal-level collectivism scales in the literature. it is also evident that GLOBE's Institutional Collectivism practices scale seems to measure a different aspect of collectivism from those previously examined at the societal level of analysis. For example, as discussed in the previous section, Institutional Collectivism practices seem to be part of a cultural syndrome wherein such cultures are future focused and performance oriented yet seek to accomplish such orientations through practices that emphasize being concerned about others, and not being assertive or power dominating.

Comparative analysis of values and practices in Russia

Comparative analysis of values and practices in Russia

5-6. Individualism and Collectivism Conclusions GLOBE's culture (i.e., nation) scores for In-Group Collectivism are very highly and inversely correlated with Hofstede's (1980) nation scores on individualism. The GLOBE data reveal, however, that variability in values and practices of In-Group Collectivism is alive and well at the societal level despite changes in world economic and political activity. Of course, it is not possible to state that specific cultures have not changed; we can state only that the rankings of cultures with respect to collectivism have generally not changed. Nevertheless, GLOBE provides compelling evidence of the diversity of culture at the societal level when it comes to In-Group Collectivism.

7. Power distance concept This dimension reflects the extent to which a community accepts and endorses Minority, power differences, and status privileges. It is an important aspect of a community's Culture and has been related to a variety of behaviors in organizations and societies.

7. Higher Power Distance Societies Versus Lower Power Distance Societies

7. POWER DISTANCE : Society Values

7. POWER DISTANCE : Society Practices

7. The correlation between overall practices and values scores In societies with high Power Distance practices scores, respondents prefer a more equitable distribution of power. In contrast, in societies with low Power Distance practices scores, respondents prefer a less equitable distribution of power. the correlation coefficient between societal practices and values of Power Distance is insignificant at 0.02 (p > .05).

Comparative analysis of values and practices in Russia

7. POWER DISTANCE: Conclusions Within the high power distance cultures of the East, the stable distribution of power is expected to bring order to the society and to allow unambiguous allocation of roles and rigid structure of relationships. The clearly dysfunctional element of HIGH PD is a little opportunity for debate and voicing of divergent views. Asking questions may be interpreted or regarded as criticizing and blaming, and therefore may be prohibited. Low power distance cultures of the West, the flexible distribution of power is expected to facilitate entrepreneurial innovation, to allow broader participation in education, and to constrain the abuse of power and corruption. There are significant variations in the practice and preference of power distance in both Eastern and Western societies, which indicates that the dominant expectations in these regions are largely historically derived.

8. Humane Orientation concept According to culture theory (Triandis, 1995) values of altruism, benevolence, kindness, love, and generosity are salient as motivating factors guiding people's behavior in societies characterized by a strong humane orientation. In these societies, the need for belongingness and affiliation, rather than self-fulfillment, pleasure, material possessions, and power, are likely to be the dominant motivating bases.

8. Higher Humane Orientation Societies Versus Lower Humane Orientation Societies

8. Humane Orientation : Society Values

8. Humane Orientation : Society Practices

8. The correlation between overall practices and values scores

Comparative analysis of values and practices in Russia

9. Humane Orientation : Conclusions Humane orientation is operationalized as the degree of concern, sensitivity, friendship, tolerance, and support that is extended to others at the societal, organizational, and leadership levels. Highly humane-oriented behaviors include care, nurturance, and help to others, whereas low humane orientation involves promoting self-interest and lack of consideration. Humane orientation of societies is closely related to the economic, physical, and psychological well-being of their members. Different societies, organizations, and leaders place varying emphasis on I he-breadth of support that is extended to others.

9. Uncertainty avoidance concept Uncertainty avoidance involves the extent to which ambiguous situations are threatening to individuals, to which rules and order are preferred, and to which uncertainty is tolerated in a society.

9. Higher Uncertainty Avoidance Societies Versus Lower Uncertainty Avoidance Societies

9. Uncertainty Avoidance : Society Values

9. Uncertainty Avoidance : Society Practices

9. The correlation between overall practices and values scores

Comparative analysis of values and practices in Russia

9. Uncertainty Avoidance : Conclusions The data suggest that societies with high scores for GLOBE Uncertainty Avoidance practices tend to have a higher level of economic prosperity and enjoy more civil liberties, a higher level of competitiveness in the global market, greater security, higher life expectancy, and greater general satisfaction. Higher Uncertainty Avoidance practices were also related to more emphasis on basic science and research.

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