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Слайды и текст этой презентации

Слайд 1

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Internet and Java Foundations, Programming and Practice

Слайд 2

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Agenda Internet and its Evolution Internet Tools Web and its Programming Java for Internet Programming Java Nuts and Bolts Java Platform Developing Applets and Applications Challenges and Future Directions

Слайд 3

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What is the Internet ?

Слайд 4

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Internet Technology Evolution Internet is much bigger than what we think More than 25 years old More than doubling every year Technology effect suddenly every body sees the need for a technology like the radio or the TV 10 terabytes flows everyday

Слайд 5

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Internet Use of internet advertisement/elections/newspapers information is public Ubiquitous technology Network is the computer Intranets - internal TCP/IP nets PC accounts for 55% of total IT Applications tied to platform - API lock-in

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Internet Evolution

Слайд 7

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Early Internet Early Internet supported only email . File Transfer Protocol development - ftp sites. Network News was added to the Internet. Archie - A program to canvass anonymous ftp sites and create a database of what is available Gopher- A menu-driven interface used to search for information. Archie and Gopher could answer questions only like ‘what FTP server contains info about “xxxx” ‘

Слайд 8

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World Wide Web World Wide Web conceptualized by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in Switzerland Concept of Hypertext led to the development of the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) Tim Berners-Lee proposed the ‘Browser’ program Scientists at CERN designed a TCP/IP based protocol to share Hypertext information called HTTP. WWW officially is described as a” Wide-area hypermedia information retrieval initiative aiming to give universal access to a large universe of documents.

Слайд 9

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HTML Hypertext -A little Hype and a Little Text. Hypertext point to information which can be local or remotely located. HTML -Derivative of the SGML( Standard Generalized Markup Language). HTML -information , commands for the Browser for formatting documents. HTML -The de-facto language for publishing on the Internet. Hypermedia- Hyper-links to Multimedia.

Слайд 10

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Internet Tools Browsers- A tool used to view documents on the WWW Web servers - Machines which run the HTTP-server Software that respond to HTTP requests which it receives Authoring Tools - Editors specially made for editing HTML documents Filters -Tools to convert legacy documents to HTML format Scripting -Languages used for scripting WAIS- Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS) for indexing and doing full text searches

Слайд 11

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How does the Web work ? Web -Designed around Client/Server Architecture Web Clients ( Web Browsers ) -send requests for documents to any Web Server Web Server -Program that responds to HTTP requests Hyperlink Web client connects to the specified Web Server The server responds by sending the information asked for The Browser formats the received HTML data and displays it

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How does the Web Work

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HTML document Centre for Development of Advanced Computing ... ... webmaster

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URLs URLs- The Hypertext links we use today are known as Universal Resource Locator URLs-Each name is unique across the Internet An URL looks like this Parts of a URL are, Service type, System Name, Port, Directory path, Filename,Search Components or Variables Service type, System Name, Directory path are the required parts of the URL

Слайд 16

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CGI (Common Gateway Interface) CGI makes the Web a Two-way interface CGI -lets the user run a script when a web page is accessed Information from the Web Client is received through simple ‘fill-in-the-forms’ kind of interface FORMS - Integrates data sheets, menus , check boxes CGI makes the Web interactive CGI -complicated to setup ,requires PERL knowledge HTML books talk less about CGI

Слайд 17

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Authoring tools and Filters Authoring tools- Editors for HTML documents Editors similar to WYSIWYG word processing programs Semi-WYSIWYG or completely WYSIWYG Provide syntax checking and correction Filters -Convert legacy documents to HTML format Filters are useful when the documents already exist Authoring tools- HoTMetaL, HTML Assistant -Shareware

Слайд 18

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Preconfigured v/s Integrated Internet Products Integrated Internet Products- From multiple vendors Preconfigured Systems- Web Server and a Client ready to use Sun’s Netra Internet Server SGI’s WebFORCE Indy and WebFORCE Challenge S Apple’s Internet Server Solution DEC’s Internet AlphaServer Integraph’s Web Server 10

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Future Directions Additions to HTML (Grammar, Maths, Display control) VRML (Virtual Reality Markup Language) Security - Using Scrambling and Encryption Common Client Interface (CCI)- Allows Clients to pass information back and forth between the Browser and the External Viewer Charge Mechanisms Performance Enhancements- Sending a page and graphics for that page in one connection

Слайд 20

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Interesting URLs ( The WhiteHouse) (Everything about the WWW) (Software on Sun) (India Net Foundation Services) telnet:// (Free Public Access Unix System) (Search engines, Add URL) (World Alumni on the net) (Free Email ) (Free Website,2MB space) (Offers virtual web servvices for compinies to host their website). (Kannada news paper on web)

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API Bottleneck

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The OS - Platform lock

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The Web

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Making life easier! Data on the web Browser platform independent Click on application - run on any machine Java the programming language of the 21 century

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Java and Java Computing

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Java - An Introduction Java - The new programming language from Sun Microsystems Java -Allows anyone to publish a web page with Java code in it Java - CPU Independent language Created for consumer electronics Java - James , Arthur Van , and others Java -The name that survived a patent search Oak -The predecessor of Java Java is “C++ -- ++ “

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Java From 10,000 Ft. According to the world, Java is... According to Sun, Java is... On closer inspection, Java is

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According to the World, Java Is... Snazzy Web pages The cross-platform language we want The rest-of-the-worlds answer to Bill The C++ replacement we need The C++ replacement we dont need A bunch of hype

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According to Sun, Java is... Simple and Powerful Object Oriented Portable Architecture Neutral Distributed Multi-threaded Robust, Secure/Safe Interpreted High Performance Dynamic pogramming language/platform.

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On Closer Inspection, Java is... Simple Pure Portable Surprisingly effective

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As a whole, Java is a Comprehensive Programming Solution Object Oriented Portable High Performance Geared for Distributed Environments Secure

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Java as Object Oriented “Objects all the way down” Simple and Familiar: “C++ Lite” No Pointers! Garbage Collector Dynamic Binding Single Inheritance with “Interfaces”

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Java as Portable Unlike other language compilers, Java complier generates code (byte codes) for Universal Machine. Java Virtual Machine (JVM): Interprets bytecodes at runtime Architecture Neutral No Link Phase Higher Level Portable Features: AWT, Unicode

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Total Platform Independence

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Architecture Neutral & Portable Java Compiler -Java source code to bytecode Bytecode - an intermediate form, closer to machine representation A virtual machine on any target platform interprets the bytecode Porting the java system to any new platform involves writing an interpreter that supports the Java Virtual Machine The interpreter will figure out what the equivalent machine dependent code to run

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Java as High Performance JVM uses “lean and mean” bytecodes Small binary class filtes Just-in-time Compilers Multithreading Native Methods

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Java in the World of Distributed Computing Class Loader Lightweight Binary Class Files Multithreading Dynamic Good communication constructs Secure

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Java as Secure Language designed as safe Strict compiler Dynamic Runtime Loading (Verifier) Runtime Security Manager

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Object Oriented Languages -a Comparison

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Java better than C++ ? No Typedefs, Defines, or Preprocessor No Global Variables No Goto statements No Pointers No Unsafe Structures No Multiple Inheritance No Operator Overloading No Automatic Coercions No Fragile Data Types

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Basic Data Types Types boolean either true of false char 16 bit Unicode 1.1 byte 8-bit integer (signed) short 16-bit integer (signed) int 32-bit integer (signed) long 64-bit integer (singed) float 32-bit floating point (IEEE 754-1985) double 64-bit floating point (IEEE 754-1985) String (class for manipulating strings) Java uses Unicode to represent characters internally

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Java Integrates Power of Compiled Languages and Flexibility of Interpreted Languages

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Two Types of JavaApplications Different ways to write/run a Java codes are: Application- A stand-alone program that can be invoked from command line . A program that has a “main” method Applet- A program embedded in a web page , to be run when the page is browsed . A program that contains no “main” method Application -Java interpreter Applets- Java enabled web browser (Linked to HTML via tag. in html file)

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Слайд 46

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Java Development Kit javac - The Java Compiler java - The Java Interpreter jdb- The Java Debugger appletviewer -Tool to run the applets javap - to print the Java bytecodes javaprof - Java profiler javadoc - documentation generator javah - creates C header files

Слайд 47

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Hello Internet // hello.java: Hello Internet program class HelloInternet { public static void main(String args[]) { System.out.println(“Hello Internet”); } }

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Program Processing Compilation # javac hello.java results in HelloInternet.class Execution # java HelloInternet Hello Internet #

Слайд 49

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Simple Java Applet // HelloWorld.java: A sample applet import java.applet.Applet; public class HelloWorld extends Applet { public void paint(Graphics g) { g.drawString(“Hello World !”,25,25); } }

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Calling an Applet Hello Worls Applet

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Execution of Applets

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Web Perspective How did Web interactions work? How do they work with Java? Distributed Java objects and the Web

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Classical Web Perspective

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Java Web Perspective

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Significance of downloading Applets Interactive WWW Flashy animation instead of static web pages Applets react to users input and dynamically change Display of dynamic data WWW with Java - more than a document publishing medium

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Power of Java and the Web Deliver applications, not just information Eliminate porting Eliminate end-user installation Slash software distribution costs Reach millions of customers - instantly

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Lifecycle of Java Code

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Bytecode Verifier Called when class is first loaded in runtime environment Verifies bytecodes meet certain set of properties Verifier uses Theorem Prover Verified code runs faster After verification, interpreter defines memory layout

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Class Loader Unique “Namespace” for each origin Local namespace classes are called “built-ins” Prevents class “spoofing”

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Security Manager Prevents unauthorized disk read/writes Restricts network access Other access restrictions (native methods) Implementation is browser dependent

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General Language Features C/C++ like syntax No pointers Objects all the way down Objects request services of other objects through messages Messages result in invocation of class methods

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Removed From C++ Operator overloading Pointers and Array/pointers Multiple-inheritance of implementation Enum, typedef, #define Copy constructors, destructors Templates And other stuff....

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Added or Improved over C++ Interfaces: type Vs. class Garbage collection Exceptions (More powerful than C++) Strings Instanceof Package Multi-threads

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Rich Object Environment Core Classes language Utilities Input/Output Low-Level Networking Abstract Graphical User Interface Internet Classes TCP/IP Networking WWW and HTML Distributed Programs

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Main Packages java.lang java.util java.io java.awt java.awt.image java.applet java.net

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Java Fundamentals Constructs Graphics Multithreading Streams and Networking Networking

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Unit I--Java Constructs what is Java, basic constructs, including classes and objects constructors, this and super keywords, inheritance, abstract classes, interfaces, inner classes, exceptions.

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Unit II--Graphics Programming How to build Graphical User Interfaces in Java: GUI components, event handling, layout management.

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Unit III--Advanced Features Applets, Threads, Streams I/O, Networking

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Unit I -- What is Java ? A programming language: Object oriented (no friends, all functions are members of classes, no function libraries -- just class libraries) simple (no pointer arithmetic, no need for programmer to deallocate memory) platform independent dynamic interpreted

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Types Eight basic types 4 integers (byte, short, int, short) [ int a; ] 2 floating point (float, double) [ double a;] 1 character (char) [ char a; ] 1 boolean (boolean) [ boolean a; ] Everything else is an object String s;

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Classes and objects declaring a class class MyClass { member variables; … member functions () ; … } // end class MyClass

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Java programs Two kinds Applications have main() run from the OS prompt Applets have init(), start(), stop(), paint(), update(), repaint(), destroy() run from within a web page

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The first Java Application class MyApp { public static void main(String s [ ] ) { System.out.println(“Hello World”); } } // end class MyApp

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Declaring and creating objects declare a reference String s; create/define an object s = new String (“India”);

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Arrays (are objects in Java) declare int a [ ] ; // 1-dim int [ ] b ; // 1-dim int [ ] c [ ]; // 2-dim int c [ ][]; // 2-dim allocate space a = new int [7]; c = new int [7][11];

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Arrays have length used to retrieve the size of an array int a [ ] = new int [7]; // 1-dim System.out.println(a.length); will print ‘7’ int b [ ] [ ] = new int [7] [11]; System.out.println(a.length); will print ‘7’ System.out.println(b.length * b[0].length); will print ‘77’

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… this is because Let int [][][][] array = new int [7][11][10][21] , then … array.length * array[3].length * array[3][5].length * array[3][5][2].length is 7 x 11 x 10 x 21

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… this is because

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Constructors All objects are created through constructors They are invoked automatically class Weight { int lb; int oz; public Weight (int a, int b ) { lb = a; oz = b; } }

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this keyword refers to “this” object (object in which it is used) usage: with an instance variable or method of “this” class as a function inside a constructor of “this” class as “this” object, when passed as parameter

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this :: with a variable refers to “this” object’s data member class Weight { int lb; int oz; public Weight (int lb, int oz ) { this.lb = lb; this.oz = oz; } }

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this :: with a method refers to another method of “this” class class Weight { public int m1 (int a) { int x = this.m2(a); return x; } public int m2(int b) { return b*7 ; } }

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this :: as a function inside a constructor of “this” class must be used with a constructor class Weight { int lb, oz; public Weight (int a, int b) { lb = a; oz = b; } } public Weight (int x) { this( x, 0); } }

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this :: as “this” object, when passed as parameter refers to the object that used to call the calling method class MyApp { int a; public static void main(String [] s ) { (new MyApp()).myMethod(); } public void myMethod() { yourMethod(this); } public void yourMethod(MyApp inMyApp) { inMyApp.a = 77; } }

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static keyword means “global”--all all objects refer to the same storage. applies to variables or methods” usage: with an instance variable of a class with a method of a class

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static keyword (with variables) class PurchaseOrder { private static int POCount; // var. ‘a’ is shared by all objects of this class public static void main(String [] s ) { PurchaseOrder po1 = new PurchaseOrder(); po1.updatePOCount(); } public void updatePOCount() { POCount++; } }

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static keyword (w/ methods)

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Inheritance (subclassing)

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Manager can be made a sub/derived-class of Employee

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Overriding (methods)

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class First { public First() { System.out.println(“ First class “); } } public class Second extends First { public Second() { System.out.println(“Second class”); } } public class Third extends Second { public Third() {System.out.println(“Third class”);} }

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access modifiers private same class only public everywhere protected same class, same package, any subclass (default) same class, same package

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super keyword refers to the superclass (base class) usage: with a variable or method (most common with a method) as a function inside a constructor of the subclass

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super :: with a method class Manager extends Employee { private double bonus; public void setBonus(double bb) { …} public void raise(double dd) { //overrides raise() of Employee super.raise(dd); // call Employee’s raise() salary += bonus; } public Manager ( … ) { … } }

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super :: as a function inside a constructor of the subclass class Manager extends Employee { private double bonus; public void setBonus(double bb) { …} public Manager ( String name, double salary, double bonus ) { super(name, salary); this.bonus = bonus; } }

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final keyword means “constant” applies to variables (makes a var. constant), or methods (makes a method non-overridable), or classes (makes a class non-subclassable means “objects cannot be created”).

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final keyword with a variable class Math { public final double pi = 3.1412; public static double method(double x) { double x = pi * pi; } } note: variable pi is made “read-only”

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final keyword with a method

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final keyword with a class

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abstract classes and interfaces abstract classes may have both implemented and non-implemented methods interfaces have only non-implemented methods (concrete classes) have all their methods implemented

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sample abstract class

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sample interface

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Exceptions (error handling)

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Exceptions (cont’d)

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methods throwing exceptions

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Defining your own exceptions

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GUI Programming in Java (AWT and Event Handling)

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AWT - Abstract Windowing Toolkit Single Windowing Interface on Multiple Platforms Supports functions common to all window systems Uses Underlying Native Window system AWT provides GUI widgets Event Handling Containers for widgets Layout managers Graphic operations

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AWT - Abstract Window Toolkit Portable GUI - preserves native look & feel Standard GUI Components (buttons…) Containers - Panels, Frames, Dialogs Graphics class for custom drawing Layouts responsible for actual positioning of components: BorderLayout, GridLayout, FlowLayout, null layoit

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Adding Components via Layouts setLayout(new BorderLayout()); // Add text field to top add("North",new TextField()); // Create the panel with buttons at the bottom... Panel p = new Panel(); // FlowLayout p.add(new Button("OK")); p.add(new Button("Cancel")); add("South",p);

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Adding Components via Layouts

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Building Graphical User Interfaces import java.awt.*; Assemble the GUI use GUI components, basic components (e.g., Button, TextField) containers (Frame, Panel) set the positioning of the components use Layout Managers Attach events

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A sample GUI program

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Events

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Events Each GUI component (e.g., a Button) that wishes to respond to an event type (e.g., click), must register an event handler, called a Listener. The listener is an object of a "Listener" interface. A Listener class can be created by subclassing (through "implements") one of Listener interfaces (all listener inrefaces are in the java.awt.event package = > must import java.awt.event.*; ) The registration of the listener is done by a call to a method such as addActionListener(). Each GUI component class has one or more such add…() methods, where applicable.

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Listener Interfaces

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Listener Interfaces

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1) windowActivated(WindowEvent) - Invoked when a window is activated. 2) windowClosed(WindowEvent) - Invoked when a window has been closed. 3) windowClosing(WindowEvent) - Invoked when a window is in the process of being closed. 4) windowDeactivated(WindowEvent) - Invoked when a window is de-activated. 5) windowDeiconified(WindowEvent) - Invoked when a window is de-iconified. 6) windowIconified(WindowEvent) - Invoked when a window is iconified. 7) windowOpened(WindowEvent) - Invoked when a window has been opened.

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How to create an object of a listener interface ?

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Implementing the ActionListener Interface and attaching an event handler to a button

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class MyApp implements ActionListener, WindowListener { Button b = new Button(“OK”); Frame f = new Frame(“My Frame”); public static void main(String [] s ) {(new MyApp()).go(); } public void go() { b.addActionListener( this ); f.addWindowListener( this ); } public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e ) { … } public void windowActivated(WindowEvent e ) { … } public void windowClosed(WindowEvent e ) { … } public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e ) { … } public void windowDeactivated(WindowEvent e) { … } public void windowDeiconified(WindowEvent e) { … } public void windowIconified(WindowEvent e) { … } public void windowOpened(WindowEvent e) { … } }

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or … use Adapters

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But, we can only use one Adapter at a time (no multiple inheritance)

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However … can use inner classes instead !!!

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Popup Menu and Event Handling... //popup.java: popup menu and event handling import java.applet.Applet; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; public class popup extends Frame implements ActionListener, MouseListener { TextField text1; PopupMenu popup; MenuItem menuitem1, menuitem2, menuitem3; public popup() { super( "Popup Menu" ); setLayout(new FlowLayout()); setBounds(10, 10, 300, 200 ); setVisible(true); init(); } public void init() { popup = new PopupMenu("Resource Usage" );

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Popup Menu and Event Handling... menuitem1 = new MenuItem("CPU"); menuitem1.addActionListener(this); menuitem2 = new MenuItem("Disk"); menuitem2.addActionListener(this); menuitem3 = new MenuItem("Memory"); menuitem3.addActionListener(this); popup.add(menuitem1); popup.add(menuitem2); popup.add(menuitem3); add(popup); text1 = new TextField(20); text1.setBounds(20, 40, 120, 30 ); add(text1); addMouseListener(this); } public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e ) { if( e.getModifiers() != 0 ) popup.show(this, e.getX(), e.getY() ); }

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$Popup Menu and Event Handling public void mouseReleased( MouseEvent e ) { System.out.print("Mouse Released\n" ); } public void...$

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Popup Menu and Event Handling public void mouseReleased( MouseEvent e ) { System.out.print("Mouse Released\n" ); } public void mouseEntered( MouseEvent e ) { System.out.print("Mouse Entered\n" ); } public void mouseExited( MouseEvent e ) { System.out.print("Mouse Exited\n" ); } public void actionPerformed( ActionEvent e ) { if( e.getSource() == menuitem1 ) { text1.setText("CPU"); } if( e.getSource() == menuitem2 ) { text1.setText("Disk"); } if( e.getSource() == menuitem3 ) { text1.setText("Memory"); } } public static void main( String args[] ) { popup p = new popup(); } }

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Applets and GUI

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AWT & Applets

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Applet methods AppletContext “Applet” derived from AWT Panel Hooks into Browser environment Can be used to link to another Web page

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A sample Applet // HelloApplet.java: for processing applet methods import java.awt.*; import java.applet.*; public class HelloApplet extends Applet { public void init() { setBackground(Color.yellow); System.out.println("init() method invoked"); } public void start() { System.out.println("start() method invoked"); } public void paint( Graphics g ) { System.out.println("paint() method invoked"); g.drawString( "Hi there", 24, 25 ); } public void stop() { System.out.println("stop() method invoked"); } }

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sample Applet

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another sample Applet (run in Applet Viewer)

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sample Applet running within Netscape

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sample Applet code

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Another example // MyApplet.java: draws rectangle with yellow color fill import java.applet.*; import java.awt.*; public class MyApplet extends Applet { public synchronized void paint(Graphics g) { int x,y,width,height; Dimension dm = size(); x = dm.width/4; y = dm.height / 4; width = dm.width / 2; height = dm.height / 2; // Draw the rectangle in the center with colors! g.setColor(Color.blue); g.drawRect(x,y,width,height); g.setColor(Color.yellow); g.fillRect(x + 1,y + 1,width - 2,height - 2); } }

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order of Applet method execution

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order of Applet method execution (cont’d)

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Incorporating Images and sound in Applets

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sample Applet with sound

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how to do that ….

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Applet that displays image

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Applet that plays sound

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Multithreading in Java (A built-in feature in Java)

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Single and Multithreaded Processes

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Threads Java has built in thread support for Multithreading Synchronization Thread Scheduling Inter-Thread Communication: currentThread start setPriority yield run getPriority sleep stop suspend resume Java Garbage Collector is a low-priority thread

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Thread states

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Threading Mechanisms... Create a class that extends the Thread class Create a class that implements the Runnable interface

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1st method: Extending Thread class 1st Method: Extending the Thread class class MyThread extends Thread { public void run() { // thread body of execution } } Creating thread: MyThread thr1 = new MyThread(); Start Execution: thr1.start();

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An example

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2nd method: Threads by implementing Runnable interface class MyThread implements Runnable { ..... public void run() { // thread body of execution } } Creating Object: MyThread myObject = new MyThread(); Creating Thread Object: Thread thr1 = new Thread( myObject ); Start Execution: thr1.start();

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An example

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A program with two threads

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Monitor model (for Syncronisation)

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examples :: program with two threads and shared object

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the monitor (shared object)

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the driver

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Threads in Action... Cooperative threads - File Copy

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Streams and I/O

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Streams and I/O basic classes for file IO FileInputStream, for reading from a file FileOutputStream, for writing to a file Example: Open a file "myfile.txt" for reading FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("myfile.txt"); Open a file "outfile.txt" for writing FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream ("myfile.txt");

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Display File Contents

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Filters

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Writing data to a file using Filters

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Reading data from a file using filters

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Object serialization

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Write an object to a file

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Read an object from a file

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Network/Socket Programming in Java

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java.net Used to manage: URL streams Client/server sockets Datagrams

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Part III - Networking

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Server side Socket Operations 1. Open Server Socket: String server; Socket slink; DataOutputStream os; DataInputStream is; server = new ServerSocket( PORT ); 2. Wait for Client Request: Socket client = server.accept(); 3. Create I/O streams for communicating to clients is = new DataInputStream( client.getInputStream() ); os = new DataOutputStream( client.getOutputStream() ); 4. Perform communication with client Receiive from client: String line = is.readLine(); Send to client: os.writeBytes("Hello\n"); 5. Close sockets: client.close(); For multithreade server: while(true) { i. wait for client requests (step 2 above) ii. create a thread with “client” socket as parameter (the thread creates streams (as in step (3) and does communication as stated in (4). Remove thread once service is provided. }

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Client side Socket Operations 1. Get connection to server: client = new Socket( server, port_id ); 2. Create I/O streams for communicating to clients is = new DataInputStream( client.getInputStream() ); os = new DataOutputStream( client.getOutputStream() ); 3. Perform communication with client Receiive from client: String line = is.readLine(); Send to client: os.writeBytes("Hello\n"); 4. Close sockets: client.close();

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A simple server (simplified code)

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A simple client (simplified code)

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$Echo Server Client.. //client.java: client interface to server import java.io.*; import java.net.*; public class client { int port_id; String server;...$

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Echo Server Client.. //client.java: client interface to server import java.io.*; import java.net.*; public class client { int port_id; String server; Socket slink; DataOutputStream os; DataInputStream is; DataInputStream kbd; public client( String args[] ) { server = args[0]; port_id = Integer.valueOf(args[1]).intValue(); try { slink = new Socket( server, port_id ); os = new DataOutputStream( slink.getOutputStream() ); is = new DataInputStream( slink.getInputStream() ); kbd = new DataInputStream( System.in ); }

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Echo Server Client.. catch( UnknownHostException e ) { System.err.println( "Don't know about host: " ); System.exit(1); } catch( IOException e ) { System.err.println( "Could not get I/O for the connection to "+server); System.exit(1); } } void communicate() { while(true) { try { System.out.print("Enter Input : "); String line = kbd.readLine(); os.writeBytes( line+"\n" );

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Echo Server Client.. if( line.equals("end") ) { os.close(); is.close(); slink.close(); break; } String line2 = is.readLine(); System.out.println("Output: "+line2); } catch( IOException e ) { System.out.println(e); } } } public static void main( String [] args ) { if( args.length < 2 ) { System.out.println("Usage: java client server_name port_id" ); System.exit(1); } client cln = new client( args ); cln.communicate(); } }

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Echo Server ... // server.java: echo server import java.io.*; import java.net.*; public class server { // public final static int PORT = 4779; public static void main( String [] args ) { ServerSocket server = null; DataOutputStream os = null; DataInputStream is = null; boolean shutdown = false; if( args.length < 1 ) { System.out.println( "Usage: java server port_num" ); System.exit( 1 ); } int PORT = Integer.valueOf(args[0]).intValue(); try { server = new ServerSocket( PORT ); }

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Echo Server ... catch( IOException e ) { System.err.println( "Could not get I/O for the connection to: "); } while(!shutdown) { if( server != null ) { try { Socket client = server.accept(); System.out.println("Connected"); InetAddress cip = client.getInetAddress(); System.out.println( "Client IP Addr: "+cip.toString()); is = new DataInputStream( client.getInputStream() ); os = new DataOutputStream( client.getOutputStream() ); for(;;) { String line = is.readLine(); if( line == null ) break;

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$Echo Server ... if( line.startsWith("end" ) ) { shutdown = true; break; } os.writeBytes(line.toUpperCase()); os.writeBytes("\n");...$

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Echo Server ... if( line.startsWith("end" ) ) { shutdown = true; break; } os.writeBytes(line.toUpperCase()); os.writeBytes("\n"); System.out.println(line); } is.close(); client.close(); } catch( UnknownHostException e ) { System.err.println( "Server Open fails" ); } catch( IOException e ) { System.err.println( "Could not get I/O for the connection to:"+args[0]); } } }

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Echo Server System.out.println( "Server Down" ); try { server.close(); } catch(IOException e) {} } }

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Java System Architecture & Availability

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A Look Inside the Java Platform

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Java Applications! Java applications are now available Cost of manfg zero, cost of distribution zero, cost of marketing zero! Hot Java is lean - loads everything else from the net. Java itself is small - 40k to 225k New class of small machines will emerge Java on cellular phones, credit cards, washing machines, and everywhere ?

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Universal Interface

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Java on my platform ? Sun (SPARC) Sun(x86) IBM(Aix, OS/2) DEC(Alpha OSF/1) SGI HP Linux AT & T Windows 3.1

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Java Development Tools (Present and Planned)

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Sun’s Java WorkShop JDK: Compiler and runtime environment Class Libraries Documentation javadoc - Automated Documentation Takes comments and converts to HTML IDE: Visual Java, and integrated tools, JavaBeans Other Products and API: JavaHelp, Java Card, Java Blend, JavaOS, Java Mail, Java Management, Java Electronic Commerce Framework Java Enterprise API: Java Naming and Directory Interface, Java IDL, JDBC, RMI and Object Serialization

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Symantec Cafe 1.0 (Released) Full IDE for Windows 95/NT Graphic Development Tools Two Compilers Debugger Class Browser

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Microsoft Jakarta (Planned) Visual C++ type interface Will Support ActiveX/COM Internet Explorer 3.0 will have Just-In-Time Java compiler

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Borland JBuilder Visual RAD workbench for maximum productivity. Rapid Application Development (RAD) and Open Component Architecture patterned after Delphi. 100+ JavaBean components, with source code, for drag-and-drop applications. Beans Express--easiest way to create industry-standard Java-Bean components. DataExpress -- the fastest way to build business and database appplications. Borland DataGateway for Java connectivity to all major database servers. Multi-tier applications with integrated RMI and CORBA. Versions: Standard, Professional, & Client/Server

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Challenges & Possible Directions Performance AWT - need better GUI! Maintaining Interoperability Security - current restrictions limit what can be done Native Compilers Is Portability that Important?

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Comments Java is a fun and easy programming language Portability = Mediocrity? Java will become a programming language of choice, but may take on a final form that will surprise many!

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JDBC Java API for Relational Databases Being standardized by all major players

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Javascript and Java (Preview) Javascript can control Java applets Static data accessible as properties of applet var i = Bank.Account.count Public methods invocable on Java instances Provided those instances are accessible through the Applet Applet is accessible through document document.applet_Name_Attribute.do_Stuff()

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Java for HPC! Many efforts are in in progress for making java as a language for parallel programming. Java computing frameworks (HPC, numeric, data parallel) Java in distributed simulations and applications (e.g., real-world HPC, grand chalenge) Source to source translators (C, Fortran, C++ to Java) Web based computation environment in Java Java for HPC conference: Java for Science and Engineering computing: subscribe java-for-cse to majordomo@npac.syr.edu

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How to Convert Programs to AWT 1.1... 1. Change source code so that it import event package: import java.awt.event.*; 2. Figure out which component generates each event type: (1.0 uses handleEvent() and action()) Button, List, MenuItem, TextField: Interface: ActionListener Method: actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) Checkbox, CheckboxMenuItem, Choice: Interface: ItemListener Method: itemStateChanged(..) Dialog, Frame: Interface: WindowListener Method: windowClosing(), windowOpened(),...

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How to Convert Programs to AWT 1.1... 3. Change class declaration so that class implements public class MyClass extends SomeComponent implements ActionListener 4. Register action Listener newComponentObject.addActionListener(this); 5. Change event handling method: Old: public boolean action(Event e, Object arg) New: public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)

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How to Convert Programs to AWT 1.1 6. Delete the event handling code in this way (a) Delete all return statements (b) Change e.target to e.getSource() (c) Delete all code the unnecessarily tests for which component the event come from (d) Perform any other modification require to make the program compile

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Just to Summarize Java as a Comprehensive Programming Solution Object Oriented Portable High Performance Geared for Distributed Environments Secure Highly suitable for Internet programming

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Summary Java is really very well poised Incredible leverage from the Web Will impact the C++ and Smalltalk markets Rate of progress is astonishingly high Development environments CORBA linkages Components Fasten you seat-belts!