🗊Презентация Introducing the C# Class Types. Defining classes, objects and methods

Object-oriented Programming Lecture 4 Introducing the C# Class Types. Defining classes, objects and methods.

Content Introduction Defining the classes Access modifiers Defining Data and Methods Relating the C# class to OOP

Introduction The class construct is used to support encapsulation, data abstraction, interfaces and implementation hiding. Objects consist of properties and methods and we have already had experience of using objects created by others such as Console, Convert and the Random object. For example we used the WriteLine method of Console to send output to the screen and the Next method of Random to generate a random number. Notice that in each case we really didn’t need to know the internal implementation of the object to successfully use it. By creating classes we can define our own objects by giving them properties and methods. Up until now, we have been using intrinsic data types to manipulate numeric data. With classes we can create new data types to suit our own particular problem. A class is like a template or definition which is used to create an object. An object is then an instance of the class. A class specifies the data and methods relevant to the object.

Defining the classes C# classes enable programmers to model real-world objects as objects in a program which have properties and methods. A class creates a new data type in C#. The keyword class is used in C# to declare a class. syntax: [access-modifier] class identifier [:base-class] { class-body } Items in square brackets are optional. Access modifiers are discussed later and typically the public keyword is used with classes. Identifier gives the class a name. The optional base class is for advanced classes dealt with later on. Finally the class body is where the data and methods are placed.

Access Modifiers In general terms a class consists of a hidden part and an exposed part, which users of the object can "see" or use. In the hidden part there is private data and private methods, and the user of an object cannot see or use these data or methods, this is equivalent to hiding the implementation details. Public methods have their internals hidden from the user, however, the user can invoke these methods. Public properties expose the private data and provide a controlled interface whereby users can modify the private data. Access modifiers are placed before data and methods in the class body. The two most commonly used are public and private. Public means that users of the object either have direct access to data or can invoke a method. Private means that object users cannot directly access data or invoke the method, essentially hiding them.

Defining Data Data is declared inside the class body in almost exactly the same way as we have seen already. syntax: [access-modifier] data-type identifier [= intial-value]; For example private int x = 10; public double radius = 10.5; The variable x is hidden, whereas the variable radius is usable.

Defining Methods Methods define the behavior of an object and are where we encapsulate pieces of useful functionality that can operate on class data (both public and private). In addition, data may be passed into methods as optional arguments and data may also be returned by the method (i.e. the result of the manipulation). syntax: [access-modifier] return-data-type identifier ([data-type param1], [data-type param2],...) { method-body };

Defining Methods If no data is to be returned from a method call then the keyword void is used. Examples:

Putting it All Together The following example is a first attempt at implementing a complex class. It illustrates the fundamental syntax of the class construct, with private data, a private method and three public methods.

public class Area{ public class Area{ //data section private double real = 0; private double imag = 0; //method section private void zero() { real = 0.0; imag = 0.0; } public void set_real(double r) { real = r; } public void set_imag(double i) { imag = i; } public double magnitude() { return Math.Sqrt(real * real + imag * imag); } }

namespace ConsoleApplication3 namespace ConsoleApplication3 { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { Area a = new Area(); double areaRect = a.rectangle(4, 3); double areaCirc = a.circle(7); Console.WriteLine("rectangle S={0}, circle S={1}", areaRect,areaCirc); Console.ReadKey(); } public int getSomeNumber() { Random r = new Random(); return r.Next(); } } class Area { //data section private double length, width; private double p = 3.14; //method section private void zero() { length =width = 0; } public double rectangle(double x, double y) { line1 = x; line2 = y; return x * y; } public double circle(double R) { return p * (R * R); } } }

A reference object A complex object is created by: complex c = new complex(); However we could also break it down to: complex c; c = new complex(); This is because the complex c part is creating a reference object which will refer to a complex object (it itself is not the complex object). The new complex() part creates a complex object in memory and returns a reference to it. In other words if wrote: new complex(); a new unnamed complex object would be created in memory but I would have no way of modifying it later because I have no reference to it. Therefore the two operations go hand in hand.

Relating the C# class to OOP Let’s see how C# classes support these object oriented notions. A class is a template for creating objects and in C# the class construct is exactly that. Objects are entities with properties and methods; in C# a class contains data members corresponding to properties and methods corresponding to OO methods. Encapsulation is the process of hiding the implementation details of an object; in C# the private access modifier is used to create hidden data and methods (i.e. these are not directly available to the user of an object).