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Слайды и текст этой презентации

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Computer Security: Principles and Practice EECS710: Information Security Professor Hossein Saiedian Fall 2014

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Malware “A program that is inserted into a system, usually covertly, with the intent of compromising the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of the victim’s data, applications, or operating system or otherwise annoying or disrupting the victim.”

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Malicious software Programs exploiting system vulnerabilities Known as malicious software or malware program fragments that need a host program e.g. viruses, logic bombs, and backdoors independent self-contained programs e.g. worms, bots replicating or not Sophisticated threat to computer systems

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Malware Terminology Payload: actions of the malware Virus: attaches itself to a program Worm: propagates copies of itself to other computers Logic bomb: “explodes” when a condition occurs Trojan horse: fakes/contains additional functionality Backdoor (trapdoor): allows unauthorized access to functionality Mobile code: moves unchanged to heterogeneous platforms Auto-rooter Kit (virus generator): malicious code (virus) generators Spammer and flooder programs: large volume of unwanted “pkts” Keyloggers: capture keystrokes Rootkit: sophisticated hacker tools to gain root-level access Zombie: software on infected computers that launch attack on others (aka bot) Crimeware: kits for building malware; include propagation and payload mechanisms (Zeus, Sakura, Blackhole, Phoenix)

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Viruses Piece of software that infects programs modifying them to include a copy of the virus so it executes secretly when host program is run Specific to operating system and hardware taking advantage of their details and weaknesses A typical virus goes through phases of: dormant: idle propagation: copies itself to other program triggering: activated to perform functions execution: the function is performed

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Virus structure Components: infection mechanism: enables replication trigger: event that makes payload activate payload: what it does, malicious or benign Prepended/postpended/embedded When infected program invoked, executes virus code then original program code Can block initial infection (difficult) or propagation (with access controls)

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Virus structure

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A virus such as the one just described is easily detected because an infected version of a program is longer than the corresponding uninfected one. A way to thwart such a simple means of detecting a virus is to compress the executable file so that both the infected and uninfected versions are of identical length.

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Compression virus

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Virus classification By target boot sector: infect a master boot record file infector: infects executable OS files macro virus: infects files to be used by an app multipartite: infects multiple ways By concealment encrypted virus: encrypted; key stored in virus stealth virus: hides itself (e.g., compression) polymorphic virus: recreates with diff “signature” metamorphic virus: recreates with diff signature and behavior

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Macro and scripting viruses Became very common in mid-1990s since platform independent infect documents easily spread Exploit macro capability of Office apps executable program embedded in office doc often a form of Basic More recent releases include protection Recognized by many anti-virus programs

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E-Mail Viruses More recent development Melissa exploits MS Word macro in attached doc if attachment opened, macro activates sends email to all on users address list and does local damage

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Virus countermeasures Prevention: ideal solution but difficult Realistically need: detection: determine what occurred identification: identify the specific virus removal: remove all traces If detected but can’t identify or remove, must discard and replace infected program

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Anti-virus evolution Virus & antivirus tech have both evolved Early viruses simple code, easily removed As viruses become more complex, so did the countermeasures Generations first - signature scanners (bit patterns all the same) second – heuristics (integrity checks; checksums) third - identify actions (find by actions they do) fourth - combination packages

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Generic decryption (GD) Runs executable files through GD scanner: CPU emulator to interpret instructions virus scanner to check known virus signatures emulation control module to manage process Lets virus decrypt itself in interpreter Periodically scan for virus signatures Let virus do the work for an antivirus program by exposing it in a controlled environment

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Digital immune system

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Behavior-blocking software Integrates with the OS; looks for bad behavior

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Worms Replicating program that propagates over net using email, remote exec, remote login Has phases like a virus: dormant, propagation, triggering, execution propagation phase: searches for other systems, connects to it, copies self to it and runs May disguise itself as a system process Concept seen in Brunner’s novel “Shockwave Rider” Implemented by Xerox Palo Alto labs in 1980’s, but to search idle systems to run a computationally intensive task.

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Worm Propagation Model (based on recent attacks)

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Morris worm One of best known worms Released by Robert Morris in 1988 Affected 6,000 computers; cost $10-$100 M Various attacks on UNIX systems cracking password file to use login/password to logon to other systems exploiting a bug in the finger protocol exploiting a bug in sendmail If succeed to have remote shell access sent bootstrap program to copy worm over

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More recent worm attacks Melissa 1998: exploiting Microsoft Word macro embedded in an attachment. 1999: could be activated merely by opening an e-mail that contains the virus, rather than by opening an attachment. 100.000 computers in 3 days Code Red July 2001 exploiting MS Internet Information Server (IIS) bug probes random IP address, does DDoS attack consumes significant net capacity when active 360,000 servers in 14 hours Code Red II variant includes backdoor: hacker controls the worm SQL Slammer (exploited buffer-overflow vulnerability) early 2003, attacks MS SQL Server compact and very rapid spread Mydoom (100 M infected email messages in 36 hours) mass-mailing e-mail worm that appeared in 2004 installed remote access backdoor in infected systems

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State of worm technology Multiplatform: not limited to Windows Multi-exploit: Web servers, emails, file sharing … Ultrafast spreading: do a scan to find vulnerable hosts Polymorphic: each copy has a new code Metamorphic: change appearance/behavior Transport vehicles (e.g., for DDoS) Zero-day exploit of unknown vulnerability (to achieve max surprise/distribution)

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Worm countermeasures Overlaps with anti-virus techniques Once worm on system A/V can detect Worms also cause significant net activity Worm defense approaches include: signature-based worm scan filtering: define signatures filter-based worm containment (focus on contents) payload-classification-based worm containment (examine packets for anomalies) threshold random walk scan detection (limit the rate of scan-like traffic) rate limiting and rate halting (limit outgoing traffic when a threshold is met)

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Proactive worm containment (PWC)

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Mobile code Scripts, macros or other portable instructions Popular ones: JavaScript, ActiveX, VBScript Heterogeneous platforms From a remote system to a local system Can act as an agent for viruses, worms, and Trojan horses Mobile phone worms: communicate through the Bluetooth connections (e.g., CommWarrior on Symbian but attempts also on Android and iPhone)

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Client-side vulnerabilities Drive-by-downloads: common in recent attacks Exploits browser vulnerabilities (when a user visits a website controlled by the attacker or a compromised website) Clickjacking

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Social engineering, spam, email, Trojans “Tricking” users to assist in the compromise of their own systems or personal information. Spam e-mail may account for 90% or more of all e-mail sent. Spam is: Advertising Attached documents with malware Attached Trojan horse program Phishing attack Trojan horse: looks like a useful tool but contains hidden code

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Payload What actions a malware will take on the system? Data destruction, theft Data encryption (ransomware) Real-world damage Stuxnet: caused physical damage also (targeted to Siemens industrial control software) Logic bomb

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Payload attack agents: bots (zombie/drone) Program taking over other computers and launch attacks hard to trace attacks If coordinated form a botnet Characteristics: remote control facility (distinguishing factor from worm) via IRC/HTTP etc spreading mechanism attack software, vulnerability, scanning strategy Various counter-measures applicable (IDS, honeypots, …)

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Uses of bots DDoS Spamming Sniffing traffic Keylogging Spreading malware Installing advertisement Manipulating games and polls

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Payload: information theft Credential theft, key loggers, spyware Phishing identify theft Spear phishing (act as a trusted source for a specific target: e-mail is carefully crafted to suit its recipient specifically)

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A backdoor is a secret entry point into a program to gain access without going through the usual security access procedures. A backdoor is a secret entry point into a program to gain access without going through the usual security access procedures. Usually implemented as a network service listening on some non-standard port. Security measures must focus on the program development and software update activities, and on programs that wish to offer a network service.

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Payload: backdoor and rootkits A rootkit is a set of programs installed for admin access It determines a malicious and stealthy changes to host O/S May hide its existence subverting report mechanisms on processes, files, registry entries etc May be persistent (survives reboot) or memory-based Do not rely on vulnerabilities installed via Trojan installed via hackers

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Rootkit System Table Mods A Unix Example

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Countermeasures for Malware Prevention: Ensure all systems are as current as possible, with all patches applied Set appropriate access controls on the applications and data stored on the system, to reduce the number of files that any user can access Use appropriate user awareness and training

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Countermeasures for Malware If prevention fails, use technical mechanisms to support the following threat mitigation options: Detection, identification, removal Requirements Generality Timeliness Resiliency Minimal DoS costs Transparency Global/local coverage (inside and outside attackers)

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Summary introduced types of malicous software incl backdoor, logic bomb, trojan horse, mobile virus types and countermeasures worm types and countermeasures bots rootkits