🗊Презентация Operating system. Chapter 4: Threads

Chapter 4: Threads

Chapter 4: Threads Overview Multithreading Models Thread Libraries

Objectives To introduce the notion of a thread — a fundamental unit of CPU utilization that forms the basis of multithreaded computer systems To discuss the APIs for the Pthreads, Win32, and Java thread libraries

What’s in a process? A process consists of (at least): an address space the code for the running program the data for the running program an execution stack and stack pointer (SP) traces state of procedure calls made the program counter (PC), indicating the next instruction a set of general-purpose processor registers and their values a set of OS resources open files, network connections, sound channels, …

Concurrency Imagine a web server, which might like to handle multiple requests concurrently While waiting for the credit card server to approve a purchase for one client, it could be retrieving the data requested by another client from disk, and assembling the response for a third client from cached information Imagine a web browser, which might like to initiate multiple requests concurrently While browser displays images or text, it retrieves data from the network. A word processor For example, displaying graphics, responding to keystrokes from the user, and performing spelling and grammar checking in the background.

What’s needed? In each of these examples of concurrency (web server, web browser, word processor): Everybody wants to run the same code Everybody wants to access the same data Everybody has the same privileges (most of the time) Everybody uses the same resources (open files, network connections, etc.) But you’d like to have multiple hardware execution states: an execution stack and stack pointer (SP) traces state of procedure calls made the program counter (PC), indicating the next instruction a set of general-purpose processor registers and their values

How could we achieve this? Given the process abstraction as we know it: fork several processes This is really inefficient!! Resource intensive ex: space: PCB, page tables, etc. Time consuming creating OS structures, fork and copy address space, etc. So any support that the OS can give for doing multi-threaded programming is a win

Single-Threaded Example Imagine the following C program: main() { ComputePI(“pi.txt”); PrintClassList(“clist.text”); } What is the behavior here? Program would never print out class list, because “ComputePI” would never finish.

Use of Threads Version of program with Threads: main() { CreateThread(ComputePI(“pi.txt”)); CreateThread(PrintClassList(“clist.text”)); } What does “CreateThread” do? Start independent thread running for a given procedure What is the behavior here? Now, you would actually see the class list This should behave as if there are two separate CPUs

Multithreaded server architecture

Threads and processes Most modern OS’s (NT, modern UNIX, etc) therefore support two entities: the process, which defines the address space and general process attributes (such as open files, etc.) the thread, which defines a sequential execution stream within a process A thread is a basic unit of CPU utilization; it comprises a thread ID, PC, a register set, and a stack. Shares with other threads belonging to the same process its code and data sections, and other OS resources (ex: open files and signals) Threads of the same process are not protected from each other.

Single and Multithreaded Processes

Process address space

Benefits of multithreaded Responsiveness: A multithreaded interactive application allows a program to continue running even if part of it is blocked or performing a lengthy operation. Thereby increasing responsiveness to the user. Resource Sharing (code, data, files) Threads share the memory and resources of the process to which they belong by default. Sharing data between threads is cheaper than processes  all see the same address space. Economy Creating and destroying threads is cheaper than processes. Context switching between threads is also cheaper. It’s much easier to communicate between threads. Scalability Multithreading can be greatly increased in a multiprocessor systems Threads may be running in parallel on different processors.

Benefits of multithreaded Scalability Multithreading can be greatly increased in a multiprocessor systems Threads may be running in parallel on different processors.

Multicore Programming

User and Kernel Threads User threads: are visible to the programmer and unknown to the kernel. thread management done by user-level threads library, without kernel support. Kernel threads: Most OS kernels are multi-threaded. Several threads operate in the kernel, each performing a specific task. Ex: managing devices, interrupt handling. Supported and managed directly by the Kernel. Examples: Windows XP/2000, Solaris, Linux, Tru64 UNIX, Mac OS X. User-level threads are faster to create and manage than are kernel threads. Why? Because no intervention from the kernel is required.

Multithreading Models A relationship must exist between user threads and kernel threads, established by one of three ways: Many-to-One One-to-One Many-to-Many

Many-to-One Many user-level threads mapped to single kernel thread: Thread management is done by the thread library in user space  efficient. The entire process will block if a thread makes a blocking system call. Because only one thread can access the kernel at a time, multiple threads are unable to run in parallel on multiprocessors. Examples: Solaris Green Threads GNU Portable Threads

One-to-One Each user-level thread maps to kernel thread Adv : allows another thread to run when a thread makes a blocking system call  more concurrency. Adv : allows multiple threads to run in parallel on multiprocessors. Dis : creating a user thread requires creating corresponding kernel thread  can burden the applications performance. Examples Windows NT/XP/2000 Linux Solaris 9 and later

Many-to-Many Model Allows many user level threads to be mapped to many kernel threads Does not suffer from the shortcomings of the previous two models. How? read P159 Solaris prior to version 9

Two-level Model Similar to M:M, except that it allows a user thread to be bound to kernel thread Examples IRIX HP-UX Tru64 UNIX Solaris 8 and earlier

Thread Libraries Thread library provides programmer with API for creating and managing threads Two primary ways of implementing a thread library: Library entirely in user space (all code and data structures for the library in user space) Invoking a function in the API ->local function call in user space and not a system call. Kernel-level library supported by the OS (all code and data structures for the library in kernel space) Invoking a function in the API -> system call to the kernel. Three primary thread libraries: POSIX Pthreads (maybe KL or UL), common in UNIX operating systems Win32 threads (KL), in Windows systems. Java threads (UL), in JVM.

End of Chapter 4