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psychology lecture III Jolanta Babiak Sensation, perception and consciusseness Winter 2018/2019

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Sensory knowledge of the surrounding world – perception Overall processes of apprehending objects and events in the environment: sensing, understanding, recognizing, labeling Percept –what is perceived – outcome of perception Function of perceptual processes: survival and sensuality Three stages of perception: Sensation Perceptual organization Identification and recognition

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Sensory knowledge of the surrounding world Vision: image (the physical object in the world: (distal stimulus) optical image on the retina (proximal stimulus) Hearing - psychological dimensions: Pitch: the highness and lowness of sound’s frequency Laudness: physical intensity Timbre: complex sound wave Smell: odorant molecules interact with receptor proteins Significant and powerful medium for interaction: pheromones Taste: taste works together with smell in order for the gustation to be fully experienced sweet, bitter, sour i salty Umami (MSG present in meat, seafood and aged cheese) Touch and skin senses Sensations of pressure, warmth and cold

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Sensory knowledge of the surrounding world Vestibular sense: orientation with respect to gravity Loss of vestibular sense may be compensated with vision Kinesthetic sense: information about current position and movement of the body (stone example) - Receptors in the joints Receptors in the muscles and tendons Pain: response of the body to stimuli which is harmful (human brains warn us of danger) Network of pain fibers cover human’s entire body Do people feel pain differnetly based on their current emotional state?

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Perceptual processes network

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Organizational processes in perception (e.g. how does this thing look like?) Integrating data originating from our previous experiences Attention processes (Focus on a subset of stimuli which you are aware of): Goal-directed attention – choices made by an individual to direct attention to certain object Stimulus-driven attention – objects in the environment capture our attention (daydreaming on the stoplight, spider on the wall)

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Peceptual grouping Gestalt psychology – psychological phenomena can be understood only when viewed as organized, strucutred wholes and not when broken down into elements The whole is quite different to its parts. Perceptual grouping laws: The law of proximity. The law of similarity The law of good continuation The law of closure The law of common fate

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Peceptual grouping

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Peceptual grouping

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Peceptual grouping

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Perceptual processes

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Mind and consciousness General state of mind– “being conscious” Specific contents of mind - “being conscious/aware” Introspection – exploring the contents of the conscious mind Ordinary waking consciousness - perceptions, thoughts, feelings, images, and desires at a given moment—all the mental activity on which an individual is focusing her attention. Sense of self - experience of watching yourself from the “insider” position

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Processes of the consciousness nonconscious processes Blood pressure breathing preconscious memories Functions in the background of your mind, until you draw your attention to it and recall it unattended information Background noise unconscious – not readily accessible to conscious awareness Denial – repressing - banishing threatening memories of the experiences from consciousness How can the contents of consciousness be studied ?

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What do we need the consciousness for? the functions of consciousness Development of consciousness allowed for better comprehension of information in order to plan the most appropriate and effective action: Grand prize of survival of the fittest mind Sensory-information overload: Aiding in survival by restricting what you notice and what you focus on from the flow of input Selective storage – commitment to memory Thinking through alternatives based on previous knowledge: planning

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Change in consciousness: sleep circadian rhythm: arousal levels, metabolism, heart rate, body temperature, and hormonal activity ebb and flow according to the ticking of the internal clock mismatch between the biological clock and the sleep cycle affect how people feel and act Night shifts Jet legs: flying across time zones Why people need to sleep?

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What happens when we’re deprived of sleep: sleep disorders Insomnia: dissatisfaction with the quality or amount of sleep Determined by different factors: psychological, situational, biological Consistent negative impact on people’s sense of well-being Narcolepsy: sudden and irresistible instances of sleepiness during the daytime combined with cataplexy affects 1 in 2000 people probably biologically determined Sleep apnea– person stops breathing while asleep (2% - 4% of adults) Somnambulism: sleep walking