🗊Презентация Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures

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Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №1Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №2Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №3Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №4Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №5Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №6Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №7Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №8Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №9Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №10Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №11Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №12Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №13Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №14Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №15Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №16Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №17Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №18Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №19Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №20Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №21Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №22Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №23Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №24Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №25Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №26Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №27Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №28Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №29Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №30Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №31Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №32Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №33Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №34Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №35Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №36Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №37Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №38Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №39Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №40Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №41Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №42Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №43Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №44Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №45Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №46Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №47Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №48Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №49Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №50Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №51Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №52Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №53Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №54Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №55Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №56Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №57Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №58Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №59Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №60Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №61Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №62

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Human Trafficking
Core Concepts. Global Trends. 
Facts and Figures
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Human Trafficking Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures

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What´s  Trafficking in Human Beings (THB):

Complex issue: 
serious crime:  
Organized crime groups
Linked with other crimes. 
human rights violation/dignity
huge business: 
vulnerable people traded by criminals as commodities for the sole purpose of economic gain
2nd/rd most profitable ilegal business.
Global dimension
Описание слайда:
What´s Trafficking in Human Beings (THB): Complex issue: serious crime: Organized crime groups Linked with other crimes. human rights violation/dignity huge business: vulnerable people traded by criminals as commodities for the sole purpose of economic gain 2nd/rd most profitable ilegal business. Global dimension

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Europol, 2016:
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Europol, 2016:

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Push factors

Push factors (economic and social circumstances in origin):
Demographic explosion
Extreme poverty
Vulnerability
Discrimination
Lack of education
Corruption
Violence
Conflict areas and war zones
Lack of rule of law
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Push factors Push factors (economic and social circumstances in origin): Demographic explosion Extreme poverty Vulnerability Discrimination Lack of education Corruption Violence Conflict areas and war zones Lack of rule of law

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Pull factors
Pull factors:
High living standards and quality of life
Employment opportunities (false promise of a good job)
Increased demand for cheap labour services due to the economic crisis
Diaspora communities in destination countries.
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Pull factors Pull factors: High living standards and quality of life Employment opportunities (false promise of a good job) Increased demand for cheap labour services due to the economic crisis Diaspora communities in destination countries.

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Defining THB
Definition:  international standard
UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (2000): Palermo Protocol.
THB as a process: vulnerable people are recruited in their community by means of deception, coertion, fraud… in order to be exploited.
Explotation itself is not an element of THB
Описание слайда:
Defining THB Definition: international standard UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (2000): Palermo Protocol. THB as a process: vulnerable people are recruited in their community by means of deception, coertion, fraud… in order to be exploited. Explotation itself is not an element of THB

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Elements
3 elements: 
Action: recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring, reception.
Means: coertion, violence, threats, deception, debt bondage….
Purpose: explotation (forced labour, sexual exploitation, organ removal) + forced marriage, forced begging, forced criminality
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Elements 3 elements: Action: recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring, reception. Means: coertion, violence, threats, deception, debt bondage…. Purpose: explotation (forced labour, sexual exploitation, organ removal) + forced marriage, forced begging, forced criminality

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Means
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Means

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Business
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Business

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Trafficking vs Slavery

Trafficking itself is not “modern slavery”.
Trafficking is just a process (recruiting human being, by certain means in order to be exploited, usually by different people).
Exploitation/enslavement are just the purpose of trafficking.
Exploitation/Enslavement are beyond trafficking. Big issue.
Описание слайда:
Trafficking vs Slavery Trafficking itself is not “modern slavery”. Trafficking is just a process (recruiting human being, by certain means in order to be exploited, usually by different people). Exploitation/enslavement are just the purpose of trafficking. Exploitation/Enslavement are beyond trafficking. Big issue.

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Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №11
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Trafficking vs. Smuggling
According to UNODC (2017), Trafficking in Persons and Migrant Smuggling, 3 crucial differences:
Location: 
Smuggling crosses international borders
Trafficking can happen within one country or crossing borders.
Consent:
Smuggling is a service a person ask for.
Trafficking involves either forcing or deceiving a person into taking a journey
Exploitation:
Trafficking is defined by the purpose of exploitation.
Smuggling ends once the payment and border crossing is complete and the person is free afterwards.
Описание слайда:
Trafficking vs. Smuggling According to UNODC (2017), Trafficking in Persons and Migrant Smuggling, 3 crucial differences: Location: Smuggling crosses international borders Trafficking can happen within one country or crossing borders. Consent: Smuggling is a service a person ask for. Trafficking involves either forcing or deceiving a person into taking a journey Exploitation: Trafficking is defined by the purpose of exploitation. Smuggling ends once the payment and border crossing is complete and the person is free afterwards.

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Human Trafficking. Core Concepts. Global Trends. Facts and Figures, слайд №13
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Legal Framework
INTERNACIONAL LEVEL (UN):
Palermo Protocol (2000)
EUROPEAN LEVEL:
 Council of Europe: 
Warsaw Convention (2005)
EU: 
Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JHA. 
EU Directive 2011/36/EU
NATIONAL LEVEL:
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Legal Framework INTERNACIONAL LEVEL (UN): Palermo Protocol (2000) EUROPEAN LEVEL: Council of Europe: Warsaw Convention (2005) EU: Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JHA.  EU Directive 2011/36/EU NATIONAL LEVEL:

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History

Before Palermo: White slave traffic; trade in women.
Relevant Instruments: 
1904: International Agreement for the Supression of the White Slave Traffic.
1910: International Convention for the Supression of the White Slave Traffic.
1921: International Convention for the Supression of the Traffic in Women and Children
1933: International Convention for the Supression of the Traffic in Women of Full Age.
Описание слайда:
History Before Palermo: White slave traffic; trade in women. Relevant Instruments: 1904: International Agreement for the Supression of the White Slave Traffic. 1910: International Convention for the Supression of the White Slave Traffic. 1921: International Convention for the Supression of the Traffic in Women and Children 1933: International Convention for the Supression of the Traffic in Women of Full Age.

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Palermo Protocol
UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (A/RES/55/25) and its Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Traffiking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (Palermo Protocol 2000):
	Definition: international standard 	(art. 3). Key issue
	States obligations: Protect, Punish, 	Prevent.
Описание слайда:
Palermo Protocol UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (A/RES/55/25) and its Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Traffiking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (Palermo Protocol 2000): Definition: international standard (art. 3). Key issue States obligations: Protect, Punish, Prevent.

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Palermo Protocol:
art. 3 a)
THB: ‘the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments and benefits to achieve the consent of a person, having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation’.
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Palermo Protocol: art. 3 a) THB: ‘the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments and benefits to achieve the consent of a person, having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation’.

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Forms of exploitation: the crime of THB ‘shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or removal of organs.’ 
The Palermo Protocol enumerated several forms of exploitation, though not limiting them, giving legislators the possibility to include other forms.
Описание слайда:
Forms of exploitation: the crime of THB ‘shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or removal of organs.’  The Palermo Protocol enumerated several forms of exploitation, though not limiting them, giving legislators the possibility to include other forms.

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Consent is irrelevant when applying any of the means (means make it irrelevant from a legal point of view).
Minors: no mean needed (action+minor+purpose of exploitation = THB)
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Consent is irrelevant when applying any of the means (means make it irrelevant from a legal point of view). Minors: no mean needed (action+minor+purpose of exploitation = THB)

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Main changes that the Palermo Protocol brought:
THB recognised as a crime prior to the actual exploitation: purpose.
International obligation to punish THB.
First steps to protect victims and prevent the crime.
Victims of THB if subjected to at least one of the actions mentioned and by one of the means specified
Purpose of exploitation: beyond sexual exploitation (forced labour, slavery, organ removal…)
Victims: male and women.
Описание слайда:
Main changes that the Palermo Protocol brought: THB recognised as a crime prior to the actual exploitation: purpose. International obligation to punish THB. First steps to protect victims and prevent the crime. Victims of THB if subjected to at least one of the actions mentioned and by one of the means specified Purpose of exploitation: beyond sexual exploitation (forced labour, slavery, organ removal…) Victims: male and women.

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Warsaw Convention
The Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings. 2005.
Legally binding instrument. Beyond the minimum standards: human rights perspective; focused on victim protection.
Описание слайда:
Warsaw Convention The Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings. 2005. Legally binding instrument. Beyond the minimum standards: human rights perspective; focused on victim protection.

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Definition: art. 4 (following Palermo)
Multidisciplinary approach: prevention, protection, prosecution.
Promoting international cooperation.
Monitoring mechanism to evaluate its implementation: 
Comitee of the Parties
GRETA (Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings): Reports evaluating different countries.
Описание слайда:
Definition: art. 4 (following Palermo) Multidisciplinary approach: prevention, protection, prosecution. Promoting international cooperation. Monitoring mechanism to evaluate its implementation: Comitee of the Parties GRETA (Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings): Reports evaluating different countries.

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Prevention: 
awareness-raising; 
economic and social initiatives to tackle the underlying causes of trafficking; 
Discouraging demand
Border control measures to prevent and detect victims
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Prevention: awareness-raising; economic and social initiatives to tackle the underlying causes of trafficking; Discouraging demand Border control measures to prevent and detect victims

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Protect and promote the rights of victims:
Not to be treated as irregular migrants
Physical and psychological assistance
Reintegration into society
Recovery and reflection period (min. 30 days) to make a decisión about possible cooperation with the authorities.
Renewable residence permit (personal situation/cooperation).
Compensation
Repatriation
Описание слайда:
Protect and promote the rights of victims: Not to be treated as irregular migrants Physical and psychological assistance Reintegration into society Recovery and reflection period (min. 30 days) to make a decisión about possible cooperation with the authorities. Renewable residence permit (personal situation/cooperation). Compensation Repatriation

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Criminal and procedural law:
Effective prosecution and punishment of traffickers.
Victim and witness protection during investigation and court procedures.
Avoid to impose penalties on victims for their involvement in unlawful activities.
Описание слайда:
Criminal and procedural law: Effective prosecution and punishment of traffickers. Victim and witness protection during investigation and court procedures. Avoid to impose penalties on victims for their involvement in unlawful activities.

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European Union
Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JHA on combating trafficking in human beings. 
It aims to approximate laws and regulations of EU and introduce common framework provisions at European level. 
Define trafficking as a form of Organised Crime. Purpose of labour or sexual exploitation.
Directive 2011/36/UE on preventing and combating traffikcing in human beings:
Provides binding legislation to prevent traficking, prosecute criminals and better protect the victims.
Higher standards: 
New forms of exploitation: forced begging, forced criminality, organ removal, forced marriage, ilegal adoption.
Описание слайда:
European Union Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JHA on combating trafficking in human beings. It aims to approximate laws and regulations of EU and introduce common framework provisions at European level. Define trafficking as a form of Organised Crime. Purpose of labour or sexual exploitation. Directive 2011/36/UE on preventing and combating traffikcing in human beings: Provides binding legislation to prevent traficking, prosecute criminals and better protect the victims. Higher standards: New forms of exploitation: forced begging, forced criminality, organ removal, forced marriage, ilegal adoption.

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National law (Spain):
2010: Spain passed a law defining a new crime (art. 177 bis Criminal Code) , following international standards.
Modified in 2015:  New forms of exploitation (according EU Directive 2011/36):
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National law (Spain): 2010: Spain passed a law defining a new crime (art. 177 bis Criminal Code) , following international standards. Modified in 2015: New forms of exploitation (according EU Directive 2011/36):

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 Basic figure (art. 177.1): "Shall be punished with penalties from five to eight years imprisonment as convict of THB who, in the Spanish territory, from Spain, in transit or as destiny, using violence, intimidation or deception, abusing of a superior situation or necessity or vulnerability of national or foreign victims, capture, transport, transfer, shelter, receive or host with any of the following purposes”: a) forced labour, slavery or similar practices, servitude, begging. b) sexual exploitation, including pornography; c) forced criminality d) organ removal e) forced marriage,
Описание слайда:
Basic figure (art. 177.1): "Shall be punished with penalties from five to eight years imprisonment as convict of THB who, in the Spanish territory, from Spain, in transit or as destiny, using violence, intimidation or deception, abusing of a superior situation or necessity or vulnerability of national or foreign victims, capture, transport, transfer, shelter, receive or host with any of the following purposes”: a) forced labour, slavery or similar practices, servitude, begging. b) sexual exploitation, including pornography; c) forced criminality d) organ removal e) forced marriage,

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Minors: "Even when not applying any means set forth in the preceding paragraph, will be considered THB any of the actions listed in preceding paragraph when performed on minors for exploiting ends". 
Consent: "the consent of the THB victim is irrelevant when applied any of the means listed in the first paragraph of this article".
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Minors: "Even when not applying any means set forth in the preceding paragraph, will be considered THB any of the actions listed in preceding paragraph when performed on minors for exploiting ends". Consent: "the consent of the THB victim is irrelevant when applied any of the means listed in the first paragraph of this article".

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In addition to Criminal law:
Framework Protocol for the Protection of Victims of Trafficking (2011): identification, victims assistance and protection.
National Action Plan to combat trafficking in human beings for the purpose of sexual exploitation (2008).
National Plan to combat trafficking in women and girls for the purpose of sexual exploitation (2015-2018).
Central coordination: Special anti-trafficking Prosecutor.
Specialiced anti-traffiking NGOs (sexual exploitation).
Описание слайда:
In addition to Criminal law: Framework Protocol for the Protection of Victims of Trafficking (2011): identification, victims assistance and protection. National Action Plan to combat trafficking in human beings for the purpose of sexual exploitation (2008). National Plan to combat trafficking in women and girls for the purpose of sexual exploitation (2015-2018). Central coordination: Special anti-trafficking Prosecutor. Specialiced anti-traffiking NGOs (sexual exploitation).

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National Law (Russia)
Prosecution of Trafficking through Articles 127.1 (trade in people) and 127.2 Criminal Code (use of slave labor). 
Inconsistent with the definition of trafficking under international law (means: force, fraud, coertion as agravating factors, not elements).
No national anti-trafficking action plan.
No central coordination body.
Lack of oficial statistics.
No ratification of Warsaw Convention
Описание слайда:
National Law (Russia) Prosecution of Trafficking through Articles 127.1 (trade in people) and 127.2 Criminal Code (use of slave labor). Inconsistent with the definition of trafficking under international law (means: force, fraud, coertion as agravating factors, not elements). No national anti-trafficking action plan. No central coordination body. Lack of oficial statistics. No ratification of Warsaw Convention

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Global Trends 
UNODC Global Report 2018
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Global Trends UNODC Global Report 2018

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More victims, more convictions

More victims detected, more convictions globally. 
What does it mean? More effective indentification (legislative reforms, coordination, special law enforcement capacities, improved vicitm protection) or an increased number of victims (in countries with long-standing-antitrafficking framework)?
Still large areas of impunity.
Lack of reliablle data
Описание слайда:
More victims, more convictions More victims detected, more convictions globally. What does it mean? More effective indentification (legislative reforms, coordination, special law enforcement capacities, improved vicitm protection) or an increased number of victims (in countries with long-standing-antitrafficking framework)? Still large areas of impunity. Lack of reliablle data

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Increases in the numbers
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Increases in the numbers

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Trafficking flows
Most victims detected in their countries of citizenship (domestic trafficking) 
Wealthy countries (Western and Southern Europe; Middle East): destination for long-distance flows.
Western and Southern Europe and North America: victims from many countries around the world.
Описание слайда:
Trafficking flows Most victims detected in their countries of citizenship (domestic trafficking) Wealthy countries (Western and Southern Europe; Middle East): destination for long-distance flows. Western and Southern Europe and North America: victims from many countries around the world.

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Victim profile
Most victims are women and girls.
Regional differences in the sex and age: In West Africa most victims are children (boys and girls); in South Asia men, women and children are equally reported; in Central Asia, more male victims than other regions.
Описание слайда:
Victim profile Most victims are women and girls. Regional differences in the sex and age: In West Africa most victims are children (boys and girls); in South Asia men, women and children are equally reported; in Central Asia, more male victims than other regions.

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Global Trends
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Global Trends

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Global Trends
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Global Trends

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“Global report on trafficking in persons”,  UNODC
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“Global report on trafficking in persons”, UNODC

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Forms of exploitation

Most cases reported: sexual exploitation of women and girls; pattern not consistent across all regions. Prevalent: the Americas, Europe, East Asia and the Pacific.
Labour exploitation: prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East; near-equally detected in Central and South Asia
Organ removal
Other forms of exploitation:
forced begging
forced criminality (property crimes, drug trafficking)
Sham marriages
Описание слайда:
Forms of exploitation Most cases reported: sexual exploitation of women and girls; pattern not consistent across all regions. Prevalent: the Americas, Europe, East Asia and the Pacific. Labour exploitation: prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East; near-equally detected in Central and South Asia Organ removal Other forms of exploitation: forced begging forced criminality (property crimes, drug trafficking) Sham marriages

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Most cases detected: sexual exploitation
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Most cases detected: sexual exploitation

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Profile of the offenders
Most persons investigated, arrested, prosecuted and convicted are men, but more than 30% are women.
Regional differences: Eastern Europe, Central, Central America and the Caribbean: more female than males convictions. 
Different roles of male and female traffickers.
Women traffickers are particularly active in the recruitment phase.
Описание слайда:
Profile of the offenders Most persons investigated, arrested, prosecuted and convicted are men, but more than 30% are women. Regional differences: Eastern Europe, Central, Central America and the Caribbean: more female than males convictions. Different roles of male and female traffickers. Women traffickers are particularly active in the recruitment phase.

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Thank you for your attention
teresa.rodriguez@uah.es
Описание слайда:
Thank you for your attention teresa.rodriguez@uah.es



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