🗊Презентация Atomic theory and structure of an atom

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Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №1Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №2Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №3Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №4Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №5Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №6Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №7Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №8Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №9Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №10Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №11Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №12Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №13Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №14Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №15Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №16Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №17Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №18Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №19Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №20Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №21Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №22Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №23Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №24Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №25Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №26
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Atomic theory & Structure of an Atom
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Atomic theory & Structure of an Atom

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The Greek Word of “Atomos” means “Indivisible” Around 440 BC, Leucippus originated the atom concept. One of his students, Democritus (460BC-371BC) extended it. There are five major points in their atomic concept: All matter is composed of atoms, which are too small to be seen. These atoms CANNOT be further split into smaller portions. There is empty space between atoms. Atoms are completely solid. Atoms are homogeneous同質, with no internal structure. Atoms can differ in size, shape, and weight.
Описание слайда:
The Greek Word of “Atomos” means “Indivisible” Around 440 BC, Leucippus originated the atom concept. One of his students, Democritus (460BC-371BC) extended it. There are five major points in their atomic concept: All matter is composed of atoms, which are too small to be seen. These atoms CANNOT be further split into smaller portions. There is empty space between atoms. Atoms are completely solid. Atoms are homogeneous同質, with no internal structure. Atoms can differ in size, shape, and weight.

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Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1803-1808) 1.Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms原子. 2. All atoms of a given element are identical, having the same size, mass and chemical properties. The atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements. 3. Compounds化合物are composed of atoms of more than one element. In any compound, the ratio of the numbers of atoms of any two of the elements present is either an integer or a simple fraction. 4. A chemical reaction involves only the separation, combination, or rearrangement of atoms; it does not result in their creation or destruction.
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Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1803-1808) 1.Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms原子. 2. All atoms of a given element are identical, having the same size, mass and chemical properties. The atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements. 3. Compounds化合物are composed of atoms of more than one element. In any compound, the ratio of the numbers of atoms of any two of the elements present is either an integer or a simple fraction. 4. A chemical reaction involves only the separation, combination, or rearrangement of atoms; it does not result in their creation or destruction.

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Dalton’s Atomic Theory: Law of multiple proportions If two elements form more than a single compound, the masses of one element combined with a fixed mass of the second are in the ratio of small whole numbers.
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Dalton’s Atomic Theory: Law of multiple proportions If two elements form more than a single compound, the masses of one element combined with a fixed mass of the second are in the ratio of small whole numbers.

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Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №5
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Dalton’s Atomic Theory： Law of multiple proportions Example 2: Nitrogen Oxides I & II Nitrogen Oxide I: 46.68% Nitrogen and 53.32% Oxygen Nitrogen Oxide II: 30.45% Nitrogen and 69.55% Oxygen
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Dalton’s Atomic Theory： Law of multiple proportions Example 2: Nitrogen Oxides I & II Nitrogen Oxide I: 46.68% Nitrogen and 53.32% Oxygen Nitrogen Oxide II: 30.45% Nitrogen and 69.55% Oxygen

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Dalton’s Atomic Theory： Law of Conservation of Mass Atoms are neither created nor destroyed during physical or chemical processes
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Dalton’s Atomic Theory： Law of Conservation of Mass Atoms are neither created nor destroyed during physical or chemical processes

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Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №8
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Dalton’s Atomic Theory： Law of Constant Composition All samples of a compound have the same composition—the same proportions by mass of the constituent elements. Example: Water is made up of two atoms of hydrogen (H) for every atom of oxygen (O), with chemical formula H2O.
Описание слайда:
Dalton’s Atomic Theory： Law of Constant Composition All samples of a compound have the same composition—the same proportions by mass of the constituent elements. Example: Water is made up of two atoms of hydrogen (H) for every atom of oxygen (O), with chemical formula H2O.

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BUT!!! Atoms are still DIVISIBLE!!! Atom is made up of smaller parts, which can only be detected in experiments with special instruments.
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BUT!!! Atoms are still DIVISIBLE!!! Atom is made up of smaller parts, which can only be detected in experiments with special instruments.

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The Discovery of Atomic Structure J. J. Thomson's cathode rays experiment In 1897, J. J. Thomson did an experiment to confirm the presence of the tiny negative particles – electrons. Thomson experiment (1906 Nobel Prize in Physics)
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The Discovery of Atomic Structure J. J. Thomson's cathode rays experiment In 1897, J. J. Thomson did an experiment to confirm the presence of the tiny negative particles – electrons. Thomson experiment (1906 Nobel Prize in Physics)

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The Discovery of Atomic Structure J. J. Thomson's cathode rays experiment CRT, the abbreviation for cathode-ray tube, is a hollow vessel with an electrode at either end. A high voltage is applied across the electrodes. The cathode rays produced in the CRT are invisible, and they can be detected only by the light emitted by materials that they strike.
Описание слайда:
The Discovery of Atomic Structure J. J. Thomson's cathode rays experiment CRT, the abbreviation for cathode-ray tube, is a hollow vessel with an electrode at either end. A high voltage is applied across the electrodes. The cathode rays produced in the CRT are invisible, and they can be detected only by the light emitted by materials that they strike.

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The Discovery of Atomic Structure J. J. Thomson's cathode rays experiment When gases are subjected to very high voltages at very low gas pressure, they ‘break down’ and conduct electricity. The voltage causes negative particles to move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode – cathode rays are produced. Although the rays themselves could not be seen, their movement could be detected only by the light emitted by materials.
Описание слайда:
The Discovery of Atomic Structure J. J. Thomson's cathode rays experiment When gases are subjected to very high voltages at very low gas pressure, they ‘break down’ and conduct electricity. The voltage causes negative particles to move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode – cathode rays are produced. Although the rays themselves could not be seen, their movement could be detected only by the light emitted by materials.

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The Discovery of Atomic Structure J. J. Thomson's cathode rays experiment Conclusion: The atom consists of positively and negatively charged entities. However, Thomson did not know how the electrons in an atom were arranged. He proposed that the atom was a sphere of positively charged material. Spread throughout the atom were the negatively charged electrons.
Описание слайда:
The Discovery of Atomic Structure J. J. Thomson's cathode rays experiment Conclusion: The atom consists of positively and negatively charged entities. However, Thomson did not know how the electrons in an atom were arranged. He proposed that the atom was a sphere of positively charged material. Spread throughout the atom were the negatively charged electrons.

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Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №15
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Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №16
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Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №17
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The Discovery of Atomic Structure Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment 1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
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The Discovery of Atomic Structure Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment 1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

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The Discovery of Atomic Structure Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment When very thin foils of gold are bombarded with α particles, following phenomena is observed : • The majority of particles penetrated the foil undeflected. • Some particles experienced slight deflections. • A few (about 1 in every 20,000) suffered rather serious deflections as they penetrated the foil. • A similar number did not pass through the foil at all, but bounced back in the direction from which they had come.
Описание слайда:
The Discovery of Atomic Structure Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment When very thin foils of gold are bombarded with α particles, following phenomena is observed : • The majority of particles penetrated the foil undeflected. • Some particles experienced slight deflections. • A few (about 1 in every 20,000) suffered rather serious deflections as they penetrated the foil. • A similar number did not pass through the foil at all, but bounced back in the direction from which they had come.

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The Discovery of Atomic Structure Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment Rutherford’s explanation: • Most of the mass and all of the positive charge of an atom are centered in a very small region called the nucleus. The remainder of the atom is mostly empty space. • The magnitude of the positive charge is different for different atoms and is approximately one-half the atomic weight of the element. • There are as many electrons outside the nucleus as there are units of positive charge on the nucleus. The atom as a whole is electrically neutral.
Описание слайда:
The Discovery of Atomic Structure Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment Rutherford’s explanation: • Most of the mass and all of the positive charge of an atom are centered in a very small region called the nucleus. The remainder of the atom is mostly empty space. • The magnitude of the positive charge is different for different atoms and is approximately one-half the atomic weight of the element. • There are as many electrons outside the nucleus as there are units of positive charge on the nucleus. The atom as a whole is electrically neutral.

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The Discovery of Atomic Structure Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment
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The Discovery of Atomic Structure Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment

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Atomic theory and structure of an atom, слайд №22
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The Discovery of Atomic Structure Chadwick’s Experiment (1932) 1935 Noble Prize in Physics Discovery of neutron !!!
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The Discovery of Atomic Structure Chadwick’s Experiment (1932) 1935 Noble Prize in Physics Discovery of neutron !!!

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The Discovery of Atomic Structure Chadwick’s Experiment (1932)
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The Discovery of Atomic Structure Chadwick’s Experiment (1932)

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Summary The atom consists protons, electrons, and neutrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of the atom, which is small. Most of the mass of the atom is due to the nucleus. (There can be a variable number of neutrons for the same number of protons. Isotopes have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.) Electrons are located outside of the nucleus. Most of the volume of the atom is due to electrons.
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Summary The atom consists protons, electrons, and neutrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of the atom, which is small. Most of the mass of the atom is due to the nucleus. (There can be a variable number of neutrons for the same number of protons. Isotopes have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.) Electrons are located outside of the nucleus. Most of the volume of the atom is due to electrons.

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Atomic building blocks
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Atomic building blocks

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