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Capacity and Demand IE350

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A problem AUA average power consumption rate is: 75 kW. Large Auditorium Lighting ONLY takes: 120 kW. Size a gas driven generator.

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Solution Answer: 75 kW? 120 kW? 195 kW? Or? Answer: Solve an optimization problem.

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Capacity & Demand Investment is needed to add the physical Stock of Capital. Capital Stock = = Installed Capacity = = Size = Power, In …

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Capacity & Demand Power shortage means: Peak demand > Installed capacity Energy shortage means: Not enough fuel to generate power.

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Load curves Electric power demand = load Load curves, regular (periodic): Daily Weekly Seasonal Per shift, other…? Plus a stochastic component.

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Seasonal

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Daily

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Capacity factor (CF) Actual Generated Energy CF = Energy Generated @ 100% Is it constant? It is different for different types of powerplants.

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Hydropower

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Comparison

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PV capacity factor 1kW of PV produces always annual amount kWhs equal to the monitoring amount: … e.g. in Yerevan we have 1720kWh/m2 annually. 1720/8760 = 19.63% - capacity factor for PV. For 3 kW system we would get 5160 kWh

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Energy Shortage: Two Approaches Construction of new capacities - supply side. Conservation, Load leveling – demand side.

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Peak vs. Average vs. Base AUA peak is: 75 kW? 120 kW? 195 kW? Or? Average is another number…

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Countrywise Peak Average Base

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Peak All powerplants, all generation capacities are operating. We are going to extreme measures: ALLOWING TO LOWER SEVAN LEVEL! We are buying power from other countries And the power is not enough: in some places power is cut.

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Base Consumption never goes below certain amount Metsamor NPP is providing the base power.

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Average is in Between! Thus one needs: BASE, stabile, powerplants, e.g. Nuclear, Coal. CF > 90%; PEAKING, a powerplant that has relatively small capital (fixed) cost, although the operational (variable) cost is high. Gas-turbine. CF ~ 5% INTERMEDIATE, that can output variable power. Combined cycle natural gas. CF ~ 30% ÷ 80%.

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Renewable Wind (CF

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Load leveling is a method for reducing large fluctuations in power demand

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Load Leveling - DSM Demand Side Management, the task is to decrease the demand at PEAK TIMES. Tariff regulations: - tariffs’ non-linear dependency on power consumed. - time dependency of tariffs Deciding the hours of operation, Chasing the load, Real-time pricing based on forecasts Overall Energy Efficiency measures – wide use of LEDs, ventilation and insulation, etc.

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Elasticity % Demand Change E(d) = % of Price Change

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Load Leveling - SSM Supply Side Management, the task is to organize capacities to meet the demand at PEAK TIMES. Need in energy generation market existence with advanced dispatching capability. Deciding the hours of generation, Chasing the load, Real-time pricing based on forecasts Renewable energy generation encouragement policies.

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European policy In 2007, the EU was importing 82% of its oil and 57% of its gas, which then made it the world's leading importer of these fuels. Only 3% of the uranium used in European nuclear reactors has been mined in Europe. Russia, Canada, Australia, Niger and Kazakhstan were the five largest suppliers of nuclear materials to the EU, supplying more than 75% of the total needs in 2009. In 2015, the EU imports 53% of the energy it consumes. In January 2014, the EU agreed to a 40% emissions reduction by 2030, compared to 1990 levels, and a 27% renewable energy target.