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Вы можете ознакомиться и скачать презентацию на тему Chemical bonds. Доклад-сообщение содержит 44 слайдов. Презентации для любого класса можно скачать бесплатно. Если материал и наш сайт презентаций Mypresentation Вам понравились – поделитесь им с друзьями с помощью социальных кнопок и добавьте в закладки в своем браузере.

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electron shells Atomic number = number of Electrons Electrons vary in the amount of energy they possess, and they occur at certain energy levels or electron shells. Electron shells determine how an atom behaves when it encounters other atoms

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Electrons are placed in shells according to rules: The 1st shell can hold up to two electrons, and each shell thereafter can hold up to 8 electrons.

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Why are electrons important? Elements have different electron configurations different electron configurations mean different levels of bonding

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Electron Dot Structures Symbols of atoms with dots to represent the valence-shell electrons 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 H He:            Li Be  B   C   N   O  : F  :Ne :                    Na Mg  Al  Si  P S :Cl  :Ar :        

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Chemical bonds: an attempt to fill electron shells Ionic bonds – Covalent bonds – Metallic bonds

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Learning Check  A. X would be the electron dot formula for 1) Na 2) K 3) Al   B.  X  would be the electron dot formula  1) B 2) N 3) P

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IONIC BOND bond formed between two ions by the transfer of electrons

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Formation of Ions from Metals Ionic compounds result when metals react with nonmetals Metals lose electrons to match the number of valence electrons of their nearest noble gas Positive ions form when the number of electrons are less than the number of protons Group 1 metals  ion 1+ Group 2 metals  ion 2+ Group 13 metals  ion 3+

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Formation of Sodium Ion Sodium atom Sodium ion Na  – e  Na + 2-8-1 2-8 ( = Ne) 11 p+ 11 p+ 11 e- 10 e- 0 1+

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Formation of Magnesium Ion Magnesium atom Magnesium ion  Mg  – 2e  Mg2+ 2-8-2 2-8 (=Ne) 12 p+ 12 p+ 12 e- 10 e- 0 2+

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Some Typical Ions with Positive Charges (Cations) Group 1 Group 2 Group 13 H+ Mg2+ Al3+ Li+ Ca2+ Na+ Sr2+ K+ Ba2+

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Learning Check A. Number of valence electrons in aluminum 1) 1 e- 2) 2 e- 3) 3 e- B. Change in electrons for octet 1) lose 3e- 2) gain 3 e- 3) gain 5 e- C. Ionic charge of aluminum 1) 3- 2) 5- 3) 3+

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Solution A. Number of valence electrons in aluminum 3) 3 e- B. Change in electrons for octet 1) lose 3e- C. Ionic charge of aluminum 3) 3+

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Learning Check Give the ionic charge for each of the following: A. 12 p+ and 10 e- 1) 0 2) 2+ 3) 2- B. 50p+ and 46 e- 1) 2+ 2) 4+ 3) 4- C. 15 p+ and 18e- 2) 3+ 2) 3- 3) 5-

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Ions from Nonmetal Ions In ionic compounds, nonmetals in 15, 16, and 17 gain electrons from metals Nonmetal add electrons to achieve the octet arrangement Nonmetal ionic charge: 3-, 2-, or 1-

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Fluoride Ion unpaired electron octet     1 - : F  + e : F :     2-7 2-8 (= Ne) 9 p+ 9 p+ 9 e- 10 e- 0 1 - ionic charge

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Ionic Bond Between atoms of metals and nonmetals with very different electronegativity Bond formed by transfer of electrons Produce charged ions all states. Conductors and have high melting point. Examples; NaCl, CaCl2, K2O

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COVALENT BOND bond formed by the sharing of electrons

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Covalent Bond Between nonmetallic elements of similar electronegativity. Formed by sharing electron pairs Stable non-ionizing particles, they are not conductors at any state Examples; O2, CO2, C2H6, H2O, SiC

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Bonds in all the polyatomic ions and diatomics are all covalent bonds Bonds in all the polyatomic ions and diatomics are all covalent bonds

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when electrons are shared equally

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when electrons are shared but shared unequally

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METALLIC BOND bond found in metals; holds metal atoms together very strongly

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Metallic Bond Formed between atoms of metallic elements Electron cloud around atoms Good conductors at all states, lustrous, very high melting points Examples; Na, Fe, Al, Au, Co

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Ionic Bond, A Sea of Electrons

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Metals Form Alloys

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Formula Weights Formula weight is the sum of the atomic masses. Example- CO2 Mass, C + O + O 12.011 + 15.994 + 15.994 43.999

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Practice Compute the mass of the following compounds round to nearest tenth & state type of bond: NaCl; 23 + 35 = 58; Ionic Bond C2H6; 24 + 6 = 30; Covalent Bond Na(CO3)2; 23 + 2(12 + 3x16) = 123; Ionic & Covalent