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Supplementing free solar energy Supplementing free solar energy 99% of heat comes from the sun Without the sun, the earth would be –240 0C (-400 0F) We supplement the other 1% with primarily non-renewable energy sources

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Renewable (16%) Renewable (16%) Solar Wind Falling, flowing water Biomass

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Energy uses in developed countries Energy uses in developed countries industrial domestic transportation Note: Electricity is not an energy source, converted from another source (coal, hydro, nuclear, etc.). 1st Law of Thermodynamics - You can’t get more energy out of something than you put in 2ond Law – In any conversion of heat energy to useful work, some energy is always degraded to a lower quality energy

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Renewable Renewable Future availability Net energy yield It takes energy to get energy Habitat degradation Cost (initial and ongoing) Community disruption Political or international issues Suitability in different locations Polluting (air, water, noise, visual)

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Accumulations of dead marine organisms on the ocean floor were covered by sediments. Accumulations of dead marine organisms on the ocean floor were covered by sediments. Muddy rock gradually formed rock (shale) containing dispersed oil. Sandstone formed on top of shale, thus oil pools began to form. Natural gas often forms on top of oil. Primary component of natural gas is methane

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Petroleum (crude oil) Petroleum (crude oil) Costs: Recovery Refining Transporting Environmental Highest risks are in transportation Refining yields many products Asphalt Heating oil Diesel Petrochemicals Gasoline …

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Advantages Advantages Relatively low cost High net energy yield Efficient distribution system

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50-90% methane 50-90% methane Cleanest of fossil fuels Approximate 200 year supply Advantages and disadvantages

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Solid fossil fuel formed in several stages Solid fossil fuel formed in several stages Land plants that lived 300-400 million years ago Subjected to intense heat and pressure over many millions of years Mostly carbon, small amounts of sulfur

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Stages of coal formation Stages of coal formation 300 million year old forests peat > lignite > bituminous > anthracite Primarily strip-mined Used mostly for generating electricity Used to generate 62% of the world’s electricity Used to generate 52% of the U.S. electricity Enough coal for about 200-1000 years U.S. has 25% of world’s reserves High environmental impact Coal gasification and liquefaction

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A nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are split apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons. A nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are split apart into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons. Nuclei – center of an atom, making up most of the atom’s mass Isotopes – two or more forms of a chemical element that have the same number of protons but different mass numbers because they have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. Neutron – elementary particle in all atoms. Radioactivity – Unstable nuclei of atoms shoot out “chunks” of mass and energy.

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Fission reactors Fission reactors Uranium-235 Fission Resulting heat used to produce steam that spins turbines to generate electricity Produces radioactive fission fragments

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April 26, 1986 April 26, 1986 One of four reactors explodes. 31 immediate deaths. 116,000 people evacuated. 24,000 evacuees received high doses of radiation. Thyroid cancer in children. Damaged reactor entombed in concrete, other reactors returned to service within months. Eventually, remaining reactors out of service.

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High- and low-level wastes High- and low-level wastes Terrorist threats – storage casks hold 5-10 X more long-lived radioactivity than the nuclear power plant Disposal proposals Underground burial Disposal in space (illegal under international law) Burial in ice sheets Dumping into subduction zones Burial in ocean mud Conversion into harmless materials (no way to do this with current technology)

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Includes cooling water from nuclear reactors, material from decommissioned reactors, protective clothing, and like materials. Includes cooling water from nuclear reactors, material from decommissioned reactors, protective clothing, and like materials. Prior to 1970, US alone placed 50,000 barrels of low-level radioactive waste on the ocean floor. Moratorium in 1970, Ban in 1983.

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84% of energy is wasted in the United States 84% of energy is wasted in the United States 41% degradation (2nd law of Thermodynamics) 43% unnecessary Fuel wasting vehicles Furnaces Poorly insulated buildings U.S. unnecessarily wastes 2/3 of the energy that the rest of the world’s population consumes!

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Cogeneration – combines heat and power Cogeneration – combines heat and power Two forms of energy (ex. steam and electricity) are provided from the same fuel source. Used in Western Europe, U.S. produces 9% of electricity using cogeneration plants) Efficient electric motors High-efficiency lighting Increasing fuel economy Alternative vehicles Insulation Plug leaks

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Hybrid cars still use traditional fossil fuels Hybrid cars still use traditional fossil fuels Energy otherwise wasted charges battery which assists acceleration and hill climbing More efficient than internal combustion engine alone, but still uses non-renewable resources Fuel cell cars not yet available Hydrogen gas is fuel Very efficient Low pollution Major infrastructure change needed for fueling stations