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GDP MEASUREMENT and NATIONAL ACCOUNTS Andrzej Cwynar, UITM Rzeszów

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Lecture objectives How is GDP measured? What are other measures of macroeconomic activity? Can GDP be a proxy for the welfare?

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GDP and other metrics of macroeconomic activity nominal GDP vs. real GDP GNP NNP NI

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Gross domestic product (GDP) GDP is the market value of the final goods and services produced within a country in a given time period (typically one year) without regard for the ownership of inputs.

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Real GDP vs. nominal GDP Real GDP is the value of final goods and services produced in a given year when valued at the prices of a reference base year (GDP in fixed prices). Nominal GDP is the value of final goods and services produced in a given year when valued at the prices of that year (GDP in current prices).

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Real GDP vs. nominal GDP: example

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The virtue of real GDP By comparing the value of production in the two years at the same prices, we reveal the change in production. Changes in nominal GDP are driven not only by changes in physical production but also by changes in prices. Changes in real GDP are driven solely by changes in physical production.

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Gross national product (GNP) GNP is the market value of the final goods and services produced by all citizens of a country in a given time period (typically one year) without regard for the location of inputs.

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GDP vs. GNP GDP notion is based on the LOCATION of inputs. GNP notion is based on the OWNERSHIP of inputs. For majority of countries the difference between GDP and GNP is small (e.g. for US economy it is smaller than 1%). GNP = GDP + net production manufactured abroad

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Check point: test your understanding Is nominal GDP always bigger than real GDP? Is GNP always bigger than GDP? (in both cases assume that we consider the same country)

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Net National Product (NNP) NNP = GNP – depreciation Depreciation is the estimate of the amount of capital (invested in assets of the economy) that will wear out or will be used up in producing GNP.

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National income (NI) NI = NNP – indirect taxes Indirect taxes are subtracted because they have no equivalent in production. Direct taxes – taxes put on income directly (income taxes) Indirect taxes – taxes put on income indirectly (sales and excise taxes)

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How is GDP really measured? Circular flow model

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Four groups of economic subjects Domestic households Domestic firms Domestic government Foreign sector

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Two-factor circular flow model

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GDP: three measurement methods Although GDP is called „product”, we can measure it in three ways: based on production, based on expenditures, based on income.

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Complete circular flow model

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GDP account: important rules Each method avoids double-counting Production method is based on net values Expenditure method is based on final goods Expenditure for house or flat is always counted as a part of investment Financial assets are not included in the account Foreign goods are not included in the account

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Double-counting: examples Second-hand goods Intermediate goods vs. final goods Gross value of production vs. net value of production

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Important vocabulary Intermediate goods: goods used in the production of other goods. Final goods: goods that are destined for final consumption. Net value (value added) = gross value – value of intermediate goods

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Check point: true / false test When you buy used car, the transaction is included in GDP account for the year in which it is done. One of the main drawbacks of GDP is that it does not include the value of such services as healthcare. Total flour produced in Poland is classified as the intermediate good. We would be able to increase our GDP very quickly if we agreed to work 80 hours per week. The expenditures for paper, computers and fuel made by General Electric are classified as part of consumption. Net export may be positive or negative.

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Check point: true / false test (cont.) Spending on new houses represent the only one type of the expenditures made by households that are not classified as part of consumption. If Ford sells more cars, then GDP of the USA increases no matter who purchases the cars – the Americans or other nations. If General Motors sells less than it produced, then the increase in GDP is smaller than it would be assuming that all cars were sold. Inclusion of the intermediate goods in the GDP account would lead to its decline.

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Can GDP be a proxy for the welfare?

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GDP per capita GDP per capita = the gross income received by the average resident of a country GDP per capita = GDP / number of residents

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PPP GDP per capita PPP GDP per capita: GDP per capita presented on a purchasing power parity basis. Purchasing power parity (PPP): an economic theory that estimates the amount of adjustment needed on the exchange rate between countries in order for the exchange to be equivalent to each currency's purchasing power.

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PPP GDP per capita across the world

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What IS under control in PPP GDP per capita measurement Differences in currencies among countries Differences in prices among countries

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What IS NOT under control in PPP GDP per capita measurement Division of income in the society Non-official production / underground economy Transactions that do not take place in organized markets Negative externalities of production

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How can welfare (economic well-being) be measured? Net Economic Welfare (NEW) designed by W. Nordhaus and J. Tobin Human Development Index (HDI) used by United Nations

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Is hapiness economic issue? The question „Can money buy hapinness?” was the subject of the scientific research. For example, David Blanchflower of Dartmouth College and Andrew Oswald of Warwick University were asking individuals to describe themselves as „happy, pretty happy, or not too happy” for almost 30 years.

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Is hapiness economic issue? (cont.) Some interesting observations: despite substantial increase in GDP per capita, the happiness level decreased – on average – in the USA and remained flat in the UK stable marriage is worth $100 000 in terms of equivalent reported satisfaction men’s happiness has risen relative to that of women over the last 30 years reported hapiness appears to peak at age 40