🗊Презентация IE350 Alternative Energy Course

IE350 Alternative Energy Course Lecture #3 Energy Resources: Carbon Cycle

Your homework -3 use a more appropriate number format, e.g. 1,000,000 = mln. Please provide the answer: how many more time energy will be needed? -5 use proper units - 10 Do not induce any anachronism – all numbers should be for the same year.

2008 Energy Use = 505 Quads

Oil and Gas Liquids

Oil and Gas Liquids Oil drilling & refining is hazardous to workers, fire, explosion, etc. spills into the environment Transporting oil is not without risk pollution theft and terrorism Burning oil is not clean pollution greenhouse gas (CO2) emissions Large reserves are in politically unstable countries Human rights violations track with high oil prices Easy half of oil has been pumped Future oil will be more difficult to extract more expensive Price instability

Oil and Gas Liquids Oil drilling & refining is hazardous to workers, fire, explosion, etc. spills into the environment Transporting oil is not without risk pollution theft and terrorism Burning oil is not clean pollution greenhouse gas (CO2) emissions Large reserves are in politically unstable countries Human rights violations track with high oil prices Easy half of oil has been pumped Future oil will be more difficult to extract more expensive Price instability

Coal

Coal Coal mining is very dangerous fires and explosions black lung Transportation can be hazardous Burning coal is not clean high chronic hazards pollution (gases, heavy metals, radioactivity, etc.) greenhouse gas (CO2) emissions sequestered products still hazardous Centralized electric power generation security risk copious quantities of cooling water most energy is lost to heat (>60%) Environmental impacts mining emissions tailings Liquefaction losses of >50% before internal combustion losses of > 75%

Coal Mostly used to make electricity Abundant domestically & world-wide (US has the most) Abundance = affordable Available from geopolitical stable locations Relatively easy to transport Burning has low acute hazards Easily stored at power plant Operation independent of weather dependent seasons time of day Can be converted into a liquid fuel

Natural Gas

Natural Gas Gas drilling is hazardous to workers, fire, explosion, etc. pumping fluids reaching groundwater leaks from fractured bed rock number of wells rapidly increasing Transportation can be hazardous pipeline explosions (old infrastructure) liquefied natural gas is highly volatile Greenhouse gas issues burning produces CO2 emissions leaked CH4 traps 72x the heat of CO2 Centralized electric power generation security risk copious quantities of cooling water most energy is lost to heat (>60%) Not a good transportation fuel not a liquid  different infrastructure resource size doesn’t match the transportation sector’s size/demand energy density is lower than gasoline

Natural Gas Gas drilling is hazardous to workers, fire, explosion, etc. pumping fluids reaching groundwater leaks from fractured bed rock Transportation can be hazardous pipeline explosions (old infrastructure) liquefied natural gas is highly volatile Greenhouse gas issues burning produces CO2 emissions leaked CH4 traps 72x the heat of CO2 Centralized electric power generation security risk copious quantities of cooling water most energy is lost to heat (>60%) Not a good transportation fuel not a liquid  different infrastructure resource size doesn’t match the transportation sector’s size/demand energy density is lower than gasoline

Earth atmosphere composition

Global Warming Potential - GWP

History of CO2 Emissions

Actual CO2 Concentration

The history of human energy consumption World Consumption, Quads ≈ 400 (2005) Armenian Energy Consumption, Quads = 0.1752 (0.0438%)

World energy consumption per capita

Comparison In 2008 energy use per person was in the USA 4.1 fold, EU 1.9 fold and Middle East 1.6 fold the world average and in China 87% and India 30% of the world average. One needs to update and verify these data…

A Look at the Electricity Value Chain

World Energy-related CO2 emissions reduction

A challenge for mature and emerging markets Big potential for electrical energy efficiency

1.3 The carbon cycle and fossil fuel formation Plants take CO2 from air that contains it at 0.04% (was lower), to build carbohydrates (e.g. sugar). Plants die, decompose through aerobic bacteria, returning CO2 to the atmosphere.

1.3 The carbon cycle and fossil fuel formation Plants take CO2 from air that contains it at 0.04% (was lower), to build carbohydrates (e.g. sugar). Plants die, fall and stay in water. CANNOT decompose through aerobic bacteria, CANNOT return CO2 to the atmosphere.

1.3 The carbon cycle and fossil fuel formation

1.3 The carbon cycle and fossil fuel formation

1.3 The carbon cycle and fossil fuel formation

1.3 The carbon cycle and fossil fuel formation

How much coal is needed to power a computer?

1.3 Carbon

Eight allotropes of carbon - crystal structure Diamond, Graphite, Lonsdaleite, C60, C540, C70, Amorphous carbon Carbon nanotube.

Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons (such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas) amount to around 1000 gigatonnes, and oil reserves around 150 gigatonnes. Carbon forms more than 50 percent by weight and more than 70 percent by volume of coal (this includes inherent moisture). This is dependent on coal rank, with higher rank coals containing less hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, until 95% purity of carbon is achieved at Anthracite rank and above.

Hydrocarbon chains CH4 – methane (55.5 MJ/kg, 0.717kg/m3) C3H8 – propane (48.9 MJ/kg) C8H18 - 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane – gasoline (46 MJ/kg, H2 – 141.9 MJ/kg) CxHy – general formula for hydrocarbons CnH2n+2 – alkanes (petroleum)

Burning Hydrocarbons

1.3 The carbon cycle and fossil fuel formation

Remember! Since 1 kg coal roughly translates as 1.83 kg of CO2, we can say that using electricity from coal produces CO2 at a rate of about 0.915 kg(CO2) / kWh, or about 0.254 kg(CO2) / MJ.

Shale (ûñóù³ñ) Oil shale is a general term applied to a group of rocks rich enough in organic material (kerogen) to yield petroleum upon distillation. The kerogen in oil shale can be converted to oil through the chemical process of pyrolysis. During pyrolysis the oil shale is heated to 445-500 °C in the absence of air and the kerogen is converted to oil and separated out, a process called "retorting".

Reservoir Rock An oil reservoir, petroleum system or petroleum reservoir is often thought of as being an underground "lake" of oil, but it is actually composed of hydrocarbons contained in porous rock formations. Structural traps are formed by a deformation in the rock layer that contains the hydrocarbons (e.g., fault traps and anticlinal traps).

1.3 Economy of extraction Porosity = Volume of Void / Total Volume of Rock Permeability = interconnectedness between the pores (compare with conductivity vs. resistivity in conductors) Sedimentary Rocks

Liquid fuel volume units The standard barrel of crude oil or other petroleum product (abbreviated bbl) is 42 US gallons (34.972 Imperial gallons or 158.987 L). 1 Gallon = 3.8 Liters. This measurement originated in the early Pennsylvania oil fields, and permitted both British and American merchants to refer to the same unit, based on the old English wine measure, the tierce.

Oil extraction – gulf of Mexico

Oil soaked porous rock. Sample comes from offshore fields near Sicily that are too expensive to exploit with current technology

1.4 Ultimate recovery of non-renewable resources Reserves vs. Resources  Discovered vs. Expected. Role of technology for: Discovering the non-renewable resources; Extraction.

Oil extraction technologies

More oil extraction technologies

1.4 Ultimate recovery of non-renewable resources

1.4 Ultimate recovery of non-renewable resources

1.4 Ultimate recovery of non-renewable resources

Consumable Energy Reserves >36,000 Quads

Consumable Energy Reserves

Energy Use Always Increases Does “Current Consumption” Exist? Are reserves infinite?

Example: US Oil Production

What Happened?

Importance of “Peak Oil” Resource in the ground is fixed (area under curve) Extraction past the peak dictates transition time It takes decades to transition to new technologies

Fuels: from Hell to Heaven

US Oil Remaining

1.5 The future of energy resources Solar Constant = 1366 W/sq.m. Sahara’s surface area = 9,000,000 sq.m. If we use 10% of Sahara with 10% efficiency, we will get 800 Exajoules/year! This is twice as much as current world consumption. I can see the future «Ocean Solar Power Plants», that produce Hydrogen! However, population grows exponentially!

The World of Water, Kindzadza

Homework, Case study Shaten’s book, page 16, problems 1,2,3.