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Слайды и текст этой презентации

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Ecology Ecology is a branch of biology that studies the interactions of living things with each other and with the environment Ecology from the Greek oikos, "home," and logos, "to study"

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Sciences related to Ecology The science that studies the distribution of plants and animals is called biogeography The science that studies abiotic and biotic factors of fresh water is limnology The branch that studies the biotic and physical conditions of marine ecosystems is called oceanography The ecology of radiation is called radiology The ecology of space is called space ecology

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Ecological factors Ecological factor is any factor that influences living organisms, they are divided into 3 groups:

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The environment includes abiotic components (nonliving chemical and physical factors) such as temperature, light, water, and nutrients The environment includes abiotic components (nonliving chemical and physical factors) such as temperature, light, water, and nutrients Biotic components (living) such as plants, animals, fungi-all the other organisms

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Abiotic factors are important determinants of the distribution of organisms in the biosphere Abiotic factors are important determinants of the distribution of organisms in the biosphere Climatic Factors: Light Temperature Water Soil Factors: Structure of soil Minerals and salts

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The variety of living things on earth is affected and determined by sunlight, temperature, pressure, moisture, and air movements, which are all together called climatic factors The variety of living things on earth is affected and determined by sunlight, temperature, pressure, moisture, and air movements, which are all together called climatic factors

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The energy source for all organisms in nature is light The energy source for all organisms in nature is light The reproduction, migration, and pigmentation of various organisms are all affected by light Light is essential for photosynthesis, thus it affects plants

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Temperature All life on earth needs heat to survive The source of this heat is sunlight Animals are placed into two groups according to the relationship between their body temperature and the air temperature: - poikilothermal animals (without constant body temperature) - homoiothermal animals (with constant body temperature)

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Temperature Invertebrates, fish, frogs and reptiles are poikilothermal animals – their body temperature depends on environment Homoiothermal animals are birds and mammals

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Water Plants are placed in three groups according to their water needs: Hydrophytes - grow where water is always available, ex: water lily and elodea Mesophytes – grow where water availability is intermittent, ex: clover, lilac Xerophytes - grow where water is scarce most of the time, ex: cactus

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Soil Factors Soil is very suitable to life for bacteria, fungi, viruses, algae, and protozoans Microorganisms are especially abundant in soil rich in organic wastes The dominance of a microorganism in a certain area is determined by environmental conditions

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Soil factors Soil, water, air, organic and inorganic molecules are very important for plant growth The ratios of these 4 groups in the soil are as follows: - Minerals (Ca, Mg, P, N): 45% - Organic molecules (plant and animal residues): 5% - Air: 25% - Water (soil water with dissolved salts): 25%

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Organisms contain very important and vital minerals Organisms contain very important and vital minerals The most important ones are N, P, K, Ca, S, Fe and Mg Deficiency of these causes serious problems in living things For example, Ca is an element used by all organisms Calcium is a component of animal endo- and exoskeletons, and is necessary for muscle contraction and blood clotting

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A biotic factor is any living component that affects another organism A biotic factor is any living component that affects another organism Each biotic factor needs energy to do work and food for proper growth

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Biotic components usually include: Biotic components usually include: Producers - plants Consumers - animals, they depend upon producers for food. Decomposers - fungi and bacteria, they break down chemicals from producers and consumers (usually dead) into simpler form which can be reused