🗊Презентация Introduction to Macroeconomics

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Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №1Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №2Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №3Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №4Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №5Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №6Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №7Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №8Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №9Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №10Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №11Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №12Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №13Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №14Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №15Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №16Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №17Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №18Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №19Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №20Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №21Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №22Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №23Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №24Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №25Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №26Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №27Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №28Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №29Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №30Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №31Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №32Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №33Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №34Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №35
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Macroeconomics Introduction to Macroeconomics Zharova Liubov Zharova_l@ua.fm
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Macroeconomics Introduction to Macroeconomics Zharova Liubov Zharova_l@ua.fm

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Intro individual decision-making Microeconomics examines the behavior of units—business firms and households. Macroeconomics deals with the economy as a whole; it examines the behavior of economic aggregates such as aggregate income, consumption, investment, and the overall level of prices. Aggregate behavior refers to the behavior of all households and firms together.
Описание слайда:
Intro individual decision-making Microeconomics examines the behavior of units—business firms and households. Macroeconomics deals with the economy as a whole; it examines the behavior of economic aggregates such as aggregate income, consumption, investment, and the overall level of prices. Aggregate behavior refers to the behavior of all households and firms together.

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Intro When we study the consumption behaviour or equilibrium of a consumer; the production pattern & equilibrium of a firm, the entire analysis is ‘micro’ in nature……because we study a UNIT and not the SYSTEM in which it is operating
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Intro When we study the consumption behaviour or equilibrium of a consumer; the production pattern & equilibrium of a firm, the entire analysis is ‘micro’ in nature……because we study a UNIT and not the SYSTEM in which it is operating

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Intro Microeconomists generally conclude that markets work well. Macroeconomists, however, observe that some important prices often seem “sticky” Sticky prices are prices that do not always adjust rapidly to maintain the equality between quantity supplied and quantity demanded.
Описание слайда:
Intro Microeconomists generally conclude that markets work well. Macroeconomists, however, observe that some important prices often seem “sticky” Sticky prices are prices that do not always adjust rapidly to maintain the equality between quantity supplied and quantity demanded.

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Intro Macroeconomists often reflect on the microeconomic principles underlying macroeconomic analysis, or the microeconomic foundations of macroeconomics
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Intro Macroeconomists often reflect on the microeconomic principles underlying macroeconomic analysis, or the microeconomic foundations of macroeconomics

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The Roots of Macroeconomics The Great Depression was a period of severe economic contraction and high unemployment that began in 1929 and continued throughout the 1930s.
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The Roots of Macroeconomics The Great Depression was a period of severe economic contraction and high unemployment that began in 1929 and continued throughout the 1930s.

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The Roots of Macroeconomics Classical economists applied microeconomic models, or “market clearing” models, to economy-wide problems. However, simple classical models failed to explain the prolonged existence of high unemployment during the Great Depression. This provided the impetus for the development of macroeconomics
Описание слайда:
The Roots of Macroeconomics Classical economists applied microeconomic models, or “market clearing” models, to economy-wide problems. However, simple classical models failed to explain the prolonged existence of high unemployment during the Great Depression. This provided the impetus for the development of macroeconomics

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The Roots of Macroeconomics In 1936, John Maynard Keynes published The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. Keynes believed governments could intervene in the economy and affect the level of output and employment. During periods of low private demand, the government can stimulate aggregate demand to lift the economy out of recession.
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The Roots of Macroeconomics In 1936, John Maynard Keynes published The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. Keynes believed governments could intervene in the economy and affect the level of output and employment. During periods of low private demand, the government can stimulate aggregate demand to lift the economy out of recession.

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Recent Macroeconomic History Fine-tuning was the phrase used by Walter Heller to refer to the government’s role in regulating inflation and unemployment. The use of Keynesian policy to fine-tune the economy in the 1960s, led to disillusionment in the 1970s and early 1980s.
Описание слайда:
Recent Macroeconomic History Fine-tuning was the phrase used by Walter Heller to refer to the government’s role in regulating inflation and unemployment. The use of Keynesian policy to fine-tune the economy in the 1960s, led to disillusionment in the 1970s and early 1980s.

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Why to Study Macroeconomics? Macroeconomics is the study of the nation’s economy as a whole. We can use macroeconomic analysis to: Understand why economies grow. Understand economic fluctuations. Make informed business decisions.
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Why to Study Macroeconomics? Macroeconomics is the study of the nation’s economy as a whole. We can use macroeconomic analysis to: Understand why economies grow. Understand economic fluctuations. Make informed business decisions.

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Macroeconomic Concerns Three of the major concerns of macroeconomics are: Inflation Output growth Unemployment
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Macroeconomic Concerns Three of the major concerns of macroeconomics are: Inflation Output growth Unemployment

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Inflation and Deflation Inflation is an increase in the overall price level. Hyperinflation is a period of very rapid increases in the overall price level. Hyperinflations are rare, but have been used to study the costs and consequences of even moderate inflation. Deflation is a decrease in the overall price level. Prolonged periods of deflation can be just as damaging for the economy as sustained inflation.
Описание слайда:
Inflation and Deflation Inflation is an increase in the overall price level. Hyperinflation is a period of very rapid increases in the overall price level. Hyperinflations are rare, but have been used to study the costs and consequences of even moderate inflation. Deflation is a decrease in the overall price level. Prolonged periods of deflation can be just as damaging for the economy as sustained inflation.

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Inflation
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Inflation

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Output Growth: Short Run and Long Run The business cycle is the cycle of short-term ups and downs in the economy. The main measure of how an economy is doing is aggregate output: Aggregate output is the total quantity of goods and services produced in an economy in a given period
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Output Growth: Short Run and Long Run The business cycle is the cycle of short-term ups and downs in the economy. The main measure of how an economy is doing is aggregate output: Aggregate output is the total quantity of goods and services produced in an economy in a given period

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Introduction to Macroeconomics, слайд №15
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Ups and downs of the Business Cycle Peak: at the peak of the business cycle, Real GDP is at a temporary high. Contraction: A decline in the real GDP. If it falls for two consecutive quarters, it is said the economy to be in a recession. Trough: The Low Point of the GDP, just before it begins to turn up. Recovery: When the GDP is rising from the trough. Expansion: when the real GDP expands beyond the recovery Recession : two consecutive quarter declines in Real DP
Описание слайда:
Ups and downs of the Business Cycle Peak: at the peak of the business cycle, Real GDP is at a temporary high. Contraction: A decline in the real GDP. If it falls for two consecutive quarters, it is said the economy to be in a recession. Trough: The Low Point of the GDP, just before it begins to turn up. Recovery: When the GDP is rising from the trough. Expansion: when the real GDP expands beyond the recovery Recession : two consecutive quarter declines in Real DP

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Recent Macroeconomic History Stagflation occurs when the overall price level rises rapidly (inflation) during periods of recession or high and persistent unemployment (stagnation).
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Recent Macroeconomic History Stagflation occurs when the overall price level rises rapidly (inflation) during periods of recession or high and persistent unemployment (stagnation).

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Stagflation Stagflation is a contraction of a nation’s output accompanied by inflation Staglation is generally a “supply-side” phenomenon A dramatic increase in oil prices caused the stagflation of the 1970s
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Stagflation Stagflation is a contraction of a nation’s output accompanied by inflation Staglation is generally a “supply-side” phenomenon A dramatic increase in oil prices caused the stagflation of the 1970s

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Output Growth: Short Run and Long Run A recession is a period during which aggregate output declines. Two consecutive quarters of decrease in output signal a recession.
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Output Growth: Short Run and Long Run A recession is a period during which aggregate output declines. Two consecutive quarters of decrease in output signal a recession.

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Unemployment The unemployment rate is the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed. The unemployment rate is a key indicator of the economy’s health. The existence of unemployment seems to imply that the aggregate labor market is not in equilibrium. Why do labor markets not clear when other markets do?
Описание слайда:
Unemployment The unemployment rate is the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed. The unemployment rate is a key indicator of the economy’s health. The existence of unemployment seems to imply that the aggregate labor market is not in equilibrium. Why do labor markets not clear when other markets do?

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Unemployment
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Unemployment

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Government in the Macroeconomy There are three kinds of policy that the government has used to influence the macroeconomics: Fiscal policy Monetary policy Growth or supply-side policies
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Government in the Macroeconomy There are three kinds of policy that the government has used to influence the macroeconomics: Fiscal policy Monetary policy Growth or supply-side policies

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Government in the Macroeconomy Fiscal policy refers to government policies concerning taxes and spending. Monetary policy consists of tools used by the Federal Reserve to control the quantity of money in the economy. Growth policies are government policies that focus on stimulating aggregate supply instead of aggregate demand.
Описание слайда:
Government in the Macroeconomy Fiscal policy refers to government policies concerning taxes and spending. Monetary policy consists of tools used by the Federal Reserve to control the quantity of money in the economy. Growth policies are government policies that focus on stimulating aggregate supply instead of aggregate demand.

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The Components of the Macroeconomy The circular flow diagram shows the income received and payments made by each sector of the economy.
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The Components of the Macroeconomy The circular flow diagram shows the income received and payments made by each sector of the economy.

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The Components of the Macroeconomy
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The Components of the Macroeconomy

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The Components of the Macroeconomy
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The Components of the Macroeconomy

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The Components of the Macroeconomy Transfer payments are payments made by the government to people who do not supply goods, services, or labor in exchange for these payments.
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The Components of the Macroeconomy Transfer payments are payments made by the government to people who do not supply goods, services, or labor in exchange for these payments.

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The Three Market Arenas Households, firms, the government, and the rest of the world all interact in three different market arenas: Goods-and-services market Labor market Money (financial) market
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The Three Market Arenas Households, firms, the government, and the rest of the world all interact in three different market arenas: Goods-and-services market Labor market Money (financial) market

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The Three Market Arenas Households and the government purchase goods and services (demand) from firms in the goods-and services market, and firms supply to the goods and services market. In the labor market, firms and government purchase (demand) labor from households (supply). The total supply of labor in the economy depends on the sum of decisions made by households.
Описание слайда:
The Three Market Arenas Households and the government purchase goods and services (demand) from firms in the goods-and services market, and firms supply to the goods and services market. In the labor market, firms and government purchase (demand) labor from households (supply). The total supply of labor in the economy depends on the sum of decisions made by households.

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The Three Market Arenas In the money market – sometimes called the financial market – households purchase stocks and bonds from firms. Households supply funds to this market in the expectation of earning income, and also demand (borrow) funds from this market. Firms, government, and the rest of the world also engage in borrowing and lending, coordinated by financial institutions.
Описание слайда:
The Three Market Arenas In the money market – sometimes called the financial market – households purchase stocks and bonds from firms. Households supply funds to this market in the expectation of earning income, and also demand (borrow) funds from this market. Firms, government, and the rest of the world also engage in borrowing and lending, coordinated by financial institutions.

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Financial Instruments Treasury bonds, notes, and bills are promissory notes issued by the federal government when it borrows money. Corporate bonds are promissory notes issued by corporations when they borrow money Shares of stock are financial instruments that give to the holder a share in the firm’s ownership and therefore the right to share in the firm’s profits. Dividends are the portion of a corporation’s profits that the firm pays out each period to its shareholders.hen they borrow money.
Описание слайда:
Financial Instruments Treasury bonds, notes, and bills are promissory notes issued by the federal government when it borrows money. Corporate bonds are promissory notes issued by corporations when they borrow money Shares of stock are financial instruments that give to the holder a share in the firm’s ownership and therefore the right to share in the firm’s profits. Dividends are the portion of a corporation’s profits that the firm pays out each period to its shareholders.hen they borrow money.

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The Methodology of Macroeconomics Connections to microeconomics: Macroeconomic behavior is the sum of all the microeconomic decisions made by individual households and firms. We cannot understand the former without some knowledge of the factors that influence the latter.
Описание слайда:
The Methodology of Macroeconomics Connections to microeconomics: Macroeconomic behavior is the sum of all the microeconomic decisions made by individual households and firms. We cannot understand the former without some knowledge of the factors that influence the latter.

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Aggregate Supply and Aggregate Demand Aggregate demand is the total demand for goods and services in an economy. Aggregate supply is the total supply of goods and services in an economy. Aggregate supply and demand curves are more complex than simple market supply and demand curves.
Описание слайда:
Aggregate Supply and Aggregate Demand Aggregate demand is the total demand for goods and services in an economy. Aggregate supply is the total supply of goods and services in an economy. Aggregate supply and demand curves are more complex than simple market supply and demand curves.

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Expansion and Contraction: The Business Cycle An expansion, or boom, is the period in the business cycle from a trough up to a peak, during which output and employment rise. A contraction, recession, or slump is the period in the business cycle from a peak down to a trough, during which output and employment fall.
Описание слайда:
Expansion and Contraction: The Business Cycle An expansion, or boom, is the period in the business cycle from a trough up to a peak, during which output and employment rise. A contraction, recession, or slump is the period in the business cycle from a peak down to a trough, during which output and employment fall.

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Review Terms and Concepts aggregate behavior aggregate demand aggregate output aggregate supply business cycle circular flow contraction, recession, or slump corporate bonds deflation depression microeconomics monetary policy recession shares of stock stagflation sticky prices supply-side policies transfer payments Treasury bonds, notes, bills unemployment rate dividends expansion or boom fine tuning fiscal policy Great Depression hyperinflation inflation macroeconomics microeconomic foundations of macroeconomics
Описание слайда:
Review Terms and Concepts aggregate behavior aggregate demand aggregate output aggregate supply business cycle circular flow contraction, recession, or slump corporate bonds deflation depression microeconomics monetary policy recession shares of stock stagflation sticky prices supply-side policies transfer payments Treasury bonds, notes, bills unemployment rate dividends expansion or boom fine tuning fiscal policy Great Depression hyperinflation inflation macroeconomics microeconomic foundations of macroeconomics

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