🗊Презентация Macroeconomics: overview

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Macroeconomics: overview ANDRZEJ CWYNAR, UITM RZESZÓW
Описание слайда:
Macroeconomics: overview ANDRZEJ CWYNAR, UITM RZESZÓW

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Lecture objectives How does the economy operate in short-run and in long-run? What are the main indicators of economic condition? What is the centerpiece of macroeconomics?
Описание слайда:
Lecture objectives How does the economy operate in short-run and in long-run? What are the main indicators of economic condition? What is the centerpiece of macroeconomics?

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Great Depression (1929-1933)
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Great Depression (1929-1933)

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US real GDP in perspective
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US real GDP in perspective

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GDP fluctuations: US, XXth cent.
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GDP fluctuations: US, XXth cent.

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Business (economic) cycle Business cycle refers to the expansions and contractions in the economic activity (basically – GDP) that take place over time. In other words it reflects changes in the actual production around the long-run trend.
Описание слайда:
Business (economic) cycle Business cycle refers to the expansions and contractions in the economic activity (basically – GDP) that take place over time. In other words it reflects changes in the actual production around the long-run trend.

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US real GDP: key findings GDP ups and downs repeat in a cyclical way Yet, GDP permanently increases TWO PERSPECTIVES: short-run: temporary GDP fluctuations long-run: sustainable GDP increase
Описание слайда:
US real GDP: key findings GDP ups and downs repeat in a cyclical way Yet, GDP permanently increases TWO PERSPECTIVES: short-run: temporary GDP fluctuations long-run: sustainable GDP increase

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The essence of macroeconomics GDP behavior (both short-run and long-run) is at the heart of macroeconomic analyses. The issue is of special importance because of its influence on the standard of living and negative results of its decline.
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The essence of macroeconomics GDP behavior (both short-run and long-run) is at the heart of macroeconomic analyses. The issue is of special importance because of its influence on the standard of living and negative results of its decline.

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Causes of economic cycles Spontaneous shifts in private spending Economic policy of government External shocks Disasters of any kind
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Causes of economic cycles Spontaneous shifts in private spending Economic policy of government External shocks Disasters of any kind

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Causes of long-run GDP increase Growing substance of production factors: labour, capital, technology.
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Causes of long-run GDP increase Growing substance of production factors: labour, capital, technology.

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Basic macroeconomic indicators GDP change (economic growth) Unemployment Inflation
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Basic macroeconomic indicators GDP change (economic growth) Unemployment Inflation

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Gross domestic product (GDP) GDP is the market value of the final goods and services produced within a country in a given time period (typically one year).
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Gross domestic product (GDP) GDP is the market value of the final goods and services produced within a country in a given time period (typically one year).

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Economic growth rate Economic growth rate is the annual percentage change of real GDP.
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Economic growth rate Economic growth rate is the annual percentage change of real GDP.

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Expanssion and recession Periods of positive real GDP growth are called expansions. Periods of negative real GDP growth are called recessions (more precisely – recession means that real GDP falls for at least two succesive quarters).
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Expanssion and recession Periods of positive real GDP growth are called expansions. Periods of negative real GDP growth are called recessions (more precisely – recession means that real GDP falls for at least two succesive quarters).

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Peak and through Periodic maximum of real GDP is called peak. Periodic minimum of real GDP is called through.
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Peak and through Periodic maximum of real GDP is called peak. Periodic minimum of real GDP is called through.

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Business cycle model
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Business cycle model

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GDP fluctuations and unemployment
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GDP fluctuations and unemployment

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Poland: GDP growth (year on year)
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Poland: GDP growth (year on year)

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Poland: unemployment rate
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Poland: unemployment rate

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GDP fluctuations and unemployment (short-run model) GDP change and unemployment are inversely related: as GDP increases, unemployment drops (and vice versa). This type of unemployment is known as cyclical.
Описание слайда:
GDP fluctuations and unemployment (short-run model) GDP change and unemployment are inversely related: as GDP increases, unemployment drops (and vice versa). This type of unemployment is known as cyclical.

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GDP fluctuations and inflation (short-run model) Decrease in GDP usually leads to lower inflation (long-lasting GDP downturn implies deflation). Increase in GDP usually leads to higher inflation.
Описание слайда:
GDP fluctuations and inflation (short-run model) Decrease in GDP usually leads to lower inflation (long-lasting GDP downturn implies deflation). Increase in GDP usually leads to higher inflation.

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Economic growth and inflation: the case of Latvia 2005 and Japan 2001 LATVIA: Real GDP growth rate: ≈ 9% (EU record) inflation rate: ≈ 7% (EU record) JAPAN: Real GDP growth rate: -0,7% inflation rate: -1,6%
Описание слайда:
Economic growth and inflation: the case of Latvia 2005 and Japan 2001 LATVIA: Real GDP growth rate: ≈ 9% (EU record) inflation rate: ≈ 7% (EU record) JAPAN: Real GDP growth rate: -0,7% inflation rate: -1,6%

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Unemployment-inflation trade-off in short-run Recession is normally accompanied by rising unemployment, yet inflation decelerates. Expanssion is normally accompanied by declining uneployment, yet inflation accelerates.
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Unemployment-inflation trade-off in short-run Recession is normally accompanied by rising unemployment, yet inflation decelerates. Expanssion is normally accompanied by declining uneployment, yet inflation accelerates.

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Potential production vs. actual production: additional perspective Potential GDP is the value of real GDP that would exist if all resources in the economy were fully and efficiently employed. Production at potential output level means that the economy achieves full employment.
Описание слайда:
Potential production vs. actual production: additional perspective Potential GDP is the value of real GDP that would exist if all resources in the economy were fully and efficiently employed. Production at potential output level means that the economy achieves full employment.

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„Economic overheating”: US economy during Vietnam War In the mid-1960s US economy was at full employment. Johnsons administration accelerated military spending for Vietnam while simultaneously increasing expenditures on domestic „war on poverty” programs. The result was double-digit inflation of the 1970s.
Описание слайда:
„Economic overheating”: US economy during Vietnam War In the mid-1960s US economy was at full employment. Johnsons administration accelerated military spending for Vietnam while simultaneously increasing expenditures on domestic „war on poverty” programs. The result was double-digit inflation of the 1970s.

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Summary: macroeconomic goals GDP growth Full employment Stable prices
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Summary: macroeconomic goals GDP growth Full employment Stable prices

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Check point: true / false test The period of time during which real GDP increases in named economic peak It is possible to produce more than potential output (actual production > potential production) In short-run inflation is independent of economic growth and unemployment Economic growth rate cannot be negative In business cycle each through is followed by economic downturn
Описание слайда:
Check point: true / false test The period of time during which real GDP increases in named economic peak It is possible to produce more than potential output (actual production > potential production) In short-run inflation is independent of economic growth and unemployment Economic growth rate cannot be negative In business cycle each through is followed by economic downturn

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Check point: interpretations
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Check point: interpretations

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Lecture objectives How does economy operate in short-run and in long-run? What are the main indicators of economic condition? What is the centerpiece of macroeconomics?
Описание слайда:
Lecture objectives How does economy operate in short-run and in long-run? What are the main indicators of economic condition? What is the centerpiece of macroeconomics?

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Textbooks O’Sullivan & Sheffrin: chapter 5, „Measuring a Nation’s Production and Income” Krugman & Wells: chapter 22, „Makroekonomia: ogólny zarys”
Описание слайда:
Textbooks O’Sullivan & Sheffrin: chapter 5, „Measuring a Nation’s Production and Income” Krugman & Wells: chapter 22, „Makroekonomia: ogólny zarys”

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