🗊Презентация Radiation hygiene

In a qualitative sense ionizing radiations are characterized by: In a qualitative sense ionizing radiations are characterized by: kind of radiation; energy of radiation; penetrating power; ionizing power; linear density of ionization Kutsak A.V. ZSMU

Qualitative characteristics of ionizing radiation are doses (D): Qualitative characteristics of ionizing radiation are doses (D):

Ionizing radiation sources name materials, radioactive substances, or technical devices which generate ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation sources name materials, radioactive substances, or technical devices which generate ionizing radiation.

Natural radiating background - constantly operating factor of environment caused by space radiation, earth crust radiation, air, waters, foodstuff and live organisms. Natural radiating background - constantly operating factor of environment caused by space radiation, earth crust radiation, air, waters, foodstuff and live organisms. Natural radiation of a earth’s origin is the basic formative a dose the factor of a natural radiating background. It is formed at the expense of an external and internal irradiation.

At present universal use of sources of ionizing radiation has found the place in the: At present universal use of sources of ionizing radiation has found the place in the: industry; medicine; agriculture; geology; a science; in atomic engineering.

Distinguish two kinds of influence of ionizing radiation on a sell: Distinguish two kinds of influence of ionizing radiation on a sell: A straight line at which energy of radiation is absorbed directly in the macromolecules. Indirect at which energy of radiation is absorbed by water and other low-molecular connections of a sell, and macromolecules then are damaged products of their decomposition.

All harmful consequences of an irradiation share on the determined (direct) and stochastic (possible) effects. All harmful consequences of an irradiation share on the determined (direct) and stochastic (possible) effects. The determined effects are consequences of an irradiation which arise at an irradiation rather big doses and have a threshold of clinical effects. They are shown in the form of somatic changes or diseases. Beam burns, a cataract, futility, infringement formation of blood are the most typical display of the determined effects sharp and chronic beam.

Radiation illness severity level depends on, whether all organism (the general irradiation) or its separate sites (a local irradiation) have been irradiated; a disposable or chronic irradiation; with intervals behind time (fractional) or continuous irradiation. Radiation illness severity level depends on, whether all organism (the general irradiation) or its separate sites (a local irradiation) have been irradiated; a disposable or chronic irradiation; with intervals behind time (fractional) or continuous irradiation.

The consistency of change of separate pathological displays in an organism which sharpness depends on severity level of the illness connected with size of a dose of an irradiation is prominent feature of a current of sharp radiation sickness. The consistency of change of separate pathological displays in an organism which sharpness depends on severity level of the illness connected with size of a dose of an irradiation is prominent feature of a current of sharp radiation sickness. -------------------------------------------------- At doses of 1-2 Gy there comes easy degree of radiation illness, at doses of 2-4 Gy - average, at doses of 4-6 Gy - heavy and at doses 6 Gy - the heaviest there are more. -------------------------------------------------- In the period of formation of illness divided into 4 phases: a phase of the general primary reaction, a phase of feigned well-being (latent), a phase of a heat of illness and (at positive result) a restoration phase.

The phase of the general primary reaction is characterized dispeptition by displays - a nausea, vomiting, a diarrhea, clinical symptoms - infringement of consciousness, the general weakness, a headache, body rise in temperature, hematological deviations - by a lymphocitopenia, neutrophilic leykocitosis, local defeats of a skin and mucous membranes in places of the greatest irradiation. The phase of the general primary reaction is characterized dispeptition by displays - a nausea, vomiting, a diarrhea, clinical symptoms - infringement of consciousness, the general weakness, a headache, body rise in temperature, hematological deviations - by a lymphocitopenia, neutrophilic leykocitosis, local defeats of a skin and mucous membranes in places of the greatest irradiation. After primary reaction there comes a phase of feigned well-being (latent) in which symptoms of primary reaction disappear.

The phase at the height of illness is characterized by increase leuco - both a lymphocytopenia, and connected with it, raised bleeding and infectious complications. All clinical displays sharply accrue. The phase at the height of illness is characterized by increase leuco - both a lymphocytopenia, and connected with it, raised bleeding and infectious complications. All clinical displays sharply accrue. In case of favorable result there comes a phase of restoration which proceeds gradually and lasts throughout several months depending on illness severity level. The dream and appetite are normalized, body temperature decreases, the general state of health improves, indicators of peripheral blood are stabilized, hair growth begins.

Chronic radiation illness develops as a result of a long irradiation of an organism small doses (0,1-0,5 sGy/day) at a total dose which exceeds 0,7-1,0 Gy. Chronic radiation illness develops as a result of a long irradiation of an organism small doses (0,1-0,5 sGy/day) at a total dose which exceeds 0,7-1,0 Gy.

For chronic radiation illness characteristic there is a slow increase of severity of damages and more long period of rehabilitation. For chronic radiation illness characteristic there is a slow increase of severity of damages and more long period of rehabilitation. The clinical picture is characterized by the expressed aesthenic syndrome and moderated quantity decrease lymphocyte and other uniform elements of blood. At an internal irradiation the consistency of chronic radiation illness depends on distribution radionuclide’s in bodies and their radio sensitivity.

To stochastic (possible) effects of an irradiation belong without the threshold effects which reliability of occurrence exists at any doses and increases with dose increase whereas relative severity of their displays does not depend on a dose. To stochastic (possible) effects of an irradiation belong without the threshold effects which reliability of occurrence exists at any doses and increases with dose increase whereas relative severity of their displays does not depend on a dose. To them the remote consequences belong: Malignant new growths which arise at people in some years after an irradiation. Genetic changes which are shown at their descendants.

The international commission of radiating protection (ICRP) at rationing of the radiating factor and an estimation possible adverse for health of the remote consequences of an irradiation had been accepted the concept without threshold linear dependence of emergence of malignant new growths (tumor)and genetic damages. The international commission of radiating protection (ICRP) at rationing of the radiating factor and an estimation possible adverse for health of the remote consequences of an irradiation had been accepted the concept without threshold linear dependence of emergence of malignant new growths (tumor)and genetic damages.

There are three main principles of radiating protection: There are three main principles of radiating protection: Correctness principle. Any practical activities connected with use of SIR, should not be carried out, if it does not bring more benefit to the irradiated persons in comparison with damage which it puts. Principle unexceedings. Equal irradiations of the personnel and the population from all SIR in process of their operation should not exceed the established limits of doses. Optimization principle. At use of any SIR put individual doses and quantity of the irradiated persons it should be limited to such low level how much it can be reached taking into account economic and social conditions.