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The Category of Voice Different Approaches

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The Category of Voice: General Information The category of voice shows the information focus in the sentence. Voice (from Latin vox-vocis ‘a faculty of speech’) is the grammatical category of the verb expressing parsing of the situation information structure as conceived by the speaker. It is a speaker-related category. Different approaches to voice: formal (traditional): two voices - H. Sweet, O. Jespersen, A.I. Smirnitsky, L.S. Barchudarov; semantic: five voices - H. Poutsma, I.I. Ivanova; V.Y. Plotkin’s: no voices.

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Traditional Approach: Two Voices | Form The category of voice (as well as aspect and phase) is based on the existence of analytical forms within the system of the English verb, which are opposed to the unmarked forms (L.S. Barchudarov). It is the opposition of the categorial forms of active and passive voice. The active voice is unmarked. The passive voice is marked, analytical, has a discontinuous morpheme {be + -ed/n, etc.}. Some verbs are not used in forms of passive voice: be, seem, become, appear, go*, come*, belong, consist, or used rarely, with certain semantic and contextual restrictions: sit, live, sleep, walk, jump, have, etc. * is gone, is come are combinations of be + participle II.

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Traditional Approach: Two Voices | Meaning Active Voice extensive active meaning (agent) He opened the door. non-active (not or not only the agent) She broke her leg (passive). The concert began (middle). John shaved himself (reflexive). They kissed each other (reciprocal).

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Semantic Approach: Five Voices Active voice I asked a question. Passive voice He was asked a question. Middle voice The door opened. Reflexive voice She dressed herself. Reciprocal voice They met in the street.

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V.Y. Plotkin’s Approach: No Voices There were no category of voice in OE and it did not appear in ModE due to the absence of synthetic forms. According to V.Y. Plotkin, a grammatical category may only be distinguished if it has the ‘synthetic basis’. He is asked is an analytical combination with passive meaning.