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The Data of Macroeconomics

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In this chapter, you will learn… …the meaning and measurement of the most important macroeconomic statistics: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) The Consumer Price Index (CPI) The unemployment rate

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Gross Domestic Product: Expenditure and Income Two definitions: Total expenditure on domestically-produced final goods and services. Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production.

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The Circular Flow

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Value added definition: A firm’s value added is the value of its output minus the value of the intermediate goods the firm used to produce that output.

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Exercise: (Problem 2, p. 40) A farmer grows a bushel of wheat and sells it to a miller for $1.00. The miller turns the wheat into flour and sells it to a baker for $3.00. The baker uses the flour to make a loaf of bread and sells it to an engineer for $6.00. The engineer eats the bread. Compute & compare value added at each stage of production and GDP

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Final goods, value added, and GDP GDP = value of final goods produced = sum of value added at all stages of production. The value of the final goods already includes the value of the intermediate goods, so including intermediate and final goods in GDP would be double-counting.

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The expenditure components of GDP consumption investment government spending net exports

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Consumption (C) durable goods last a long time ex: cars, home appliances nondurable goods last a short time ex: food, clothing services work done for consumers ex: dry cleaning, air travel.

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U.S. consumption, 2005

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Investment (I) Definition 1: Spending on [the factor of production] capital. Definition 2: Spending on goods bought for future use Includes: business fixed investment Spending on plant and equipment that firms will use to produce other goods & services. residential fixed investment Spending on housing units by consumers and landlords. inventory investment The change in the value of all firms’ inventories.

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U.S. investment, 2005

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Investment vs. Capital Note: Investment is spending on new capital. Example (assumes no depreciation): 1/1/2006: economy has $500b worth of capital during 2006: investment = $60b 1/1/2007: economy will have $560b worth of capital

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Stocks vs. Flows A flow is a quantity measured per unit of time. E.g., “U.S. investment was $2.5 trillion during 2006.”

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Stocks vs. Flows - examples

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Now you try: Stock or flow? the balance on your credit card statement how much you study economics outside of class the size of your compact disc collection the inflation rate the unemployment rate

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Government spending (G) G includes all government spending on goods and services.. G excludes transfer payments (e.g., unemployment insurance payments), because they do not represent spending on goods and services.

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U.S. government spending, 2005

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Net exports: NX = EX – IM def: The value of total exports (EX) minus the value of total imports (IM).

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An important identity Y = C + I + G + NX

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A question for you: Suppose a firm produces $10 million worth of final goods but only sells $9 million worth. Does this violate the expenditure = output identity?

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Why output = expenditure Unsold output goes into inventory, and is counted as “inventory investment”… …whether or not the inventory buildup was intentional. In effect, we are assuming that firms purchase their unsold output.

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GDP: An important and versatile concept We have now seen that GDP measures total income total output total expenditure the sum of value-added at all stages in the production of final goods

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GNP vs. GDP Gross National Product (GNP): Total income earned by the nation’s factors of production, regardless of where located. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production, regardless of nationality. (GNP – GDP) = (factor payments from abroad) – (factor payments to abroad)

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Discussion question: In your country, which would you want to be bigger, GDP, or GNP? Why?

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(GNP – GDP) as a percentage of GDP selected countries, 2002

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Real vs. nominal GDP GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced. nominal GDP measures these values using current prices. real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year.

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Practice problem, part 1 Compute nominal GDP in each year. Compute real GDP in each year using 2006 as the base year.

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Answers to practice problem, part 1 nominal GDP multiply Ps & Qs from same year 2006: $46,200 = $30  900 + $100  192 2007: $51,400 2008: $58,300 real GDP multiply each year’s Qs by 2006 Ps 2006: $46,200 2007: $50,000 2008: $52,000 = $30  1050 + $100  205

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Real GDP controls for inflation Changes in nominal GDP can be due to: changes in prices. changes in quantities of output produced. Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities, because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices.

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U.S. Nominal and Real GDP, 1950–2006

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GDP Deflator The inflation rate is the percentage increase in the overall level of prices. One measure of the price level is the GDP deflator, defined as

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Practice problem, part 2 Use your previous answers to compute the GDP deflator in each year. Use GDP deflator to compute the inflation rate from 2006 to 2007, and from 2007 to 2008.

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Answers to practice problem, part 2

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Understanding the GDP deflator

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Understanding the GDP deflator

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Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes EX: If your hourly wage rises 5% and you work 7% more hours, then your wage income rises approximately 12%.

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Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes EX: GDP deflator = 100  NGDP/RGDP. If NGDP rises 9% and RGDP rises 4%, then the inflation rate is approximately 5%.

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Chain-Weighted Real GDP Over time, relative prices change, so the base year should be updated periodically. In essence, chain-weighted real GDP updates the base year every year, so it is more accurate than constant-price GDP. Your textbook usually uses constant-price real GDP, because: the two measures are highly correlated. constant-price real GDP is easier to compute.

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Consumer Price Index (CPI) A measure of the overall level of prices Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Uses: tracks changes in the typical household’s cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (“COLAs”) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time

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How the BLS constructs the CPI 1. Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumer’s “basket” of goods. 2. Every month, collect data on prices of all items in the basket; compute cost of basket 3. CPI in any month equals

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Exercise: Compute the CPI Basket contains 20 pizzas and 10 compact discs.

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Answers: Cost of Inflation basket CPI rate 2002 $350 100.0 n.a. 2003 370 105.7 5.7% 2004 400 114.3 8.1% 2005 410 117.1 2.5%

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The composition of the CPI’s “basket”

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Understanding the CPI

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Understanding the CPI

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Reasons why the CPI may overstate inflation Substitution bias: The CPI uses fixed weights, so it cannot reflect consumers’ ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen. Introduction of new goods: The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and, in effect, increases the real value of the dollar. But it does not reduce the CPI, because the CPI uses fixed weights. Unmeasured changes in quality: Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar, but are often not fully measured.

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The size of the CPI’s bias In 1995, a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 1.1% per year. So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias. Now, the CPI’s bias is probably under 1% per year.

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Discussion questions: If your grandmother receives Social Security, how is she affected by the CPI’s bias? Where does the government get the money to pay COLAs to Social Security recipients? If you pay income and Social Security taxes, how does the CPI’s bias affect you? Is the government giving your grandmother too much of a COLA? How does your grandmother’s “basket” differ from the CPI’s?

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CPI vs. GDP Deflator prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator the basket of goods CPI: fixed GDP deflator: changes every year

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Two measures of inflation in the U.S.

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Categories of the population employed working at a paid job unemployed not employed but looking for a job labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services; all employed plus unemployed persons not in the labor force not employed, not looking for work

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$Two important labor force concepts unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed labor force participation rate the fraction of...$

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Two important labor force concepts unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that “participates” in the labor force

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Exercise: Compute labor force statistics U.S. adult population by group, June 2006 Number employed = 144.4 million Number unemployed = 7.0 million Adult population = 228.8 million

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Answers: data: E = 144.4, U = 7.0, POP = 228.8 labor force L = E +U = 144.4 + 7 = 151.4 not in labor force NILF = POP – L = 228.8 – 151.4 = 77.4 unemployment rate U/L x 100% = (7/151.4) x 100% = 4.6% labor force participation rate L/POP x 100% = (151.4/228.8) x 100% = 66.2%

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Exercise: Compute percentage changes in labor force statistics Suppose population increases by 1% labor force increases by 3% number of unemployed persons increases by 2% Compute the percentage changes in the labor force participation rate: the unemployment rate:

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The establishment survey The BLS obtains a second measure of employment by surveying businesses, asking how many workers are on their payrolls. Neither measure is perfect, and they occasionally diverge due to: treatment of self-employed persons new firms not counted in establishment survey technical issues involving population inferences from sample data

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Two measures of employment growth

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Chapter Summary 1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economy’s output of goods & services. 2. Nominal GDP values output at current prices; real GDP values output at constant prices. Changes in output affect both measures, but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP. 3. GDP is the sum of consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports.

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Chapter Summary 4. The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI), the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer, or the GDP deflator, the ratio of nominal to real GDP 5. The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed.

Теги data macroeconomics

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