🗊Презентация Thinking Like an Economist

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Слайды и текст этой презентации


Слайд 1





Thinking Like an Economist
Chapter 2
Описание слайда:
Thinking Like an Economist Chapter 2

Слайд 2





Every field of study has its own terminology
Описание слайда:
Every field of study has its own terminology

Слайд 3





Every field of study has its own terminology
Описание слайда:
Every field of study has its own terminology

Слайд 4





Economics trains you to. . . . 
Think in terms of alternatives.
Evaluate the cost of individual and social choices.
Examine and understand how certain events and issues are related.
Описание слайда:
Economics trains you to. . . . Think in terms of alternatives. Evaluate the cost of individual and social choices. Examine and understand how certain events and issues are related.

Слайд 5





The Economist as a Scientist
The economic way of thinking . . .
Involves thinking analytically and objectively.
Makes use of the scientific method.
Описание слайда:
The Economist as a Scientist The economic way of thinking . . . Involves thinking analytically and objectively. Makes use of the scientific method.

Слайд 6





The Scientific Method
Uses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates.

Develops theories, collects, and analyzes data to prove the theories.
Описание слайда:
The Scientific Method Uses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates. Develops theories, collects, and analyzes data to prove the theories.

Слайд 7





The Role of Assumptions
 Economists make assumptions in order to make the world easier to understand.
 The art in scientific thinking is deciding which assumptions to make.
 Economists use different assumptions to answer different questions.
Описание слайда:
The Role of Assumptions Economists make assumptions in order to make the world easier to understand. The art in scientific thinking is deciding which assumptions to make. Economists use different assumptions to answer different questions.

Слайд 8





The Economic Way of Thinking
Includes developing abstract models from theories and the analysis of the models.
Uses two approaches:
Описание слайда:
The Economic Way of Thinking Includes developing abstract models from theories and the analysis of the models. Uses two approaches:

Слайд 9





Economic Models
 Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world
 Two of the most basic economic models include:
Описание слайда:
Economic Models Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world Two of the most basic economic models include:

Слайд 10





The Circular-Flow Model
The circular-flow model is a simple way to visually show the economic transactions that occur between households and firms in the economy.
Описание слайда:
The Circular-Flow Model The circular-flow model is a simple way to visually show the economic transactions that occur between households and firms in the economy.

Слайд 11





The Circular-Flow Diagram
Описание слайда:
The Circular-Flow Diagram

Слайд 12





The Circular-Flow Diagram
Описание слайда:
The Circular-Flow Diagram

Слайд 13





The Circular-Flow Diagram
Описание слайда:
The Circular-Flow Diagram

Слайд 14





The Circular-Flow Diagram
Factors of Production
 Inputs used to produce goods and services
 Land, labor, and capital
Описание слайда:
The Circular-Flow Diagram Factors of Production Inputs used to produce goods and services Land, labor, and capital

Слайд 15





The Production Possibilities Frontier
The production possibilities frontier is a graph showing the various combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and technology.
Описание слайда:
The Production Possibilities Frontier The production possibilities frontier is a graph showing the various combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and technology.

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The Production Possibilities Frontier
Описание слайда:
The Production Possibilities Frontier

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The Production Possibilities Frontier
Описание слайда:
The Production Possibilities Frontier

Слайд 18





Concepts Illustrated by the Production Possibilities Frontier
Efficiency
Tradeoffs
Opportunity Cost
Economic Growth
Описание слайда:
Concepts Illustrated by the Production Possibilities Frontier Efficiency Tradeoffs Opportunity Cost Economic Growth

Слайд 19





The Production 
Possibilities Frontier
Описание слайда:
The Production Possibilities Frontier

Слайд 20





Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Microeconomics focuses on the individual parts of the economy.
How households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets
Macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole.
How the markets, as a whole, interact at the national level.

Описание слайда:
Microeconomics and Macroeconomics Microeconomics focuses on the individual parts of the economy. How households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets Macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole. How the markets, as a whole, interact at the national level. 

Слайд 21





Two Roles of Economists
When they are trying to explain the world, they are scientists.
When they are trying to change the world, they are policymakers.
Описание слайда:
Two Roles of Economists When they are trying to explain the world, they are scientists. When they are trying to change the world, they are policymakers.

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Positive versus Normative Analysis
Positive statements are statements that describe the world as it is.
Called descriptive analysis
Normative statements are statements about how the world should be.
Called prescriptive analysis
Описание слайда:
Positive versus Normative Analysis Positive statements are statements that describe the world as it is. Called descriptive analysis Normative statements are statements about how the world should be. Called prescriptive analysis

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Positive or Normative Statements?
An increase in the minimum wage will cause a decrease in employment among the least-skilled.
Описание слайда:
Positive or Normative Statements? An increase in the minimum wage will cause a decrease in employment among the least-skilled.

Слайд 24





Positive or Normative Statements?
Higher federal budget deficits will cause interest rates to increase.
Описание слайда:
Positive or Normative Statements? Higher federal budget deficits will cause interest rates to increase.

Слайд 25





Positive or Normative Statements?
The income gains from a higher minimum wage are worth more than any slight reductions in employment.
Описание слайда:
Positive or Normative Statements? The income gains from a higher minimum wage are worth more than any slight reductions in employment.

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Positive or Normative Statements?
State governments should be allowed to collect from tobacco companies the costs of treating smoking-related illnesses among the poor.
Описание слайда:
Positive or Normative Statements? State governments should be allowed to collect from tobacco companies the costs of treating smoking-related illnesses among the poor.

Слайд 27





Economists in Washington . . .
	. . . serve as advisers in the policymaking process of the three branches of government:
Legislative
Executive
Judicial
Описание слайда:
Economists in Washington . . . . . . serve as advisers in the policymaking process of the three branches of government: Legislative Executive Judicial

Слайд 28





Why Economists Disagree
They may disagree on theories about how the world works.

They may hold different values and, thus, different normative views.
Описание слайда:
Why Economists Disagree They may disagree on theories about how the world works. They may hold different values and, thus, different normative views.

Слайд 29





Examples of What Most Economists Agree On
A ceiling on rents reduces the quantity and quality of housing available.

Tariffs and import quotas usually reduce general economic welfare.
Описание слайда:
Examples of What Most Economists Agree On A ceiling on rents reduces the quantity and quality of housing available. Tariffs and import quotas usually reduce general economic welfare.

Слайд 30





Summary
In order to address subjects with objectivity, economics makes use of the scientific method. 

The field of economics is divided into two subfields: microeconomics and macroeconomics.
Описание слайда:
Summary In order to address subjects with objectivity, economics makes use of the scientific method. The field of economics is divided into two subfields: microeconomics and macroeconomics.

Слайд 31





Summary
Economics relies on both positive and normative analysis.  Positive statements assert how the world “is” while normative statements assert how the world “should be.”
Economists may offer conflicting advice due to differences in scientific judgments or to differences in values.
Описание слайда:
Summary Economics relies on both positive and normative analysis. Positive statements assert how the world “is” while normative statements assert how the world “should be.” Economists may offer conflicting advice due to differences in scientific judgments or to differences in values.

Слайд 32


Thinking Like an Economist, слайд №32
Описание слайда:

Слайд 33





The Circular-Flow Diagram
Описание слайда:
The Circular-Flow Diagram

Слайд 34





The Production Possibilities Frontier
Описание слайда:
The Production Possibilities Frontier

Слайд 35





The Production Possibilities Frontier
Описание слайда:
The Production Possibilities Frontier

Слайд 36





The Production 
Possibilities Frontier
Описание слайда:
The Production Possibilities Frontier



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