Weapons of mass destruction - презентация, доклад, проект скачать

Нажмите для полного просмотра!

Содержание ▲

Вы можете ознакомиться и скачать презентацию на тему Weapons of mass destruction. Доклад-сообщение содержит 16 слайдов. Презентации для любого класса можно скачать бесплатно. Если материал и наш сайт презентаций Mypresentation Вам понравились – поделитесь им с друзьями с помощью социальных кнопок и добавьте в закладки в своем браузере.

Слайды и текст этой презентации

Слайд 1

Описание слайда:

Weapons of mass destruction Dmitry Polikanov

Слайд 2

Описание слайда:

WMD - definition WMD - is a nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological or other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to a large number of humans or cause great damage to human-made structures (e.g. buildings), natural structures (e.g. mountains), or the biosphere. It is used for inflicting massive destruction and casualties at a large space WMD have significant and long-term side effects (e.g. Hiroshima) Some activities (e.g. terrorist attack at the nuclear power plant, or a “dirty bomb” explosion) may have similar impact to the WMD

Слайд 3

Описание слайда:

WMD - types Normal - CBR (chemical, biological, radiological) or NBC (nuclear, biological, chemical) Sometimes - missile technologies and delivery systems New - electromagnetic weapons High probability – high-precision weapons, lasers, robots (cyber-humans), cyber attacks against critical infrastructure Low probability – genetic, tectonic, climate

Слайд 4

Описание слайда:

Key treaties and regulations PTBT (Partial Test-Ban Treaty) - 1963 Outer Space Treaty – 1967 NPT (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty) – 1968-1970 BWC (Biological Weapons Convention) -1972-1975 CWC (Chemical Weapons Convention) – 1993-1997 CTBT (Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty) – 1996 Also - Seabed Arms Control Treaty Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques

Слайд 5

Описание слайда:

PTBT Initiated by the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom Concerns about the nuclear fallout and other effects of the test explosions (hydrogen bomb, Bikini Atoll, etc.) Need to control the progress of nuclear weapons and have security guarantees for mutually assured destruction (MAD) Only underground tests were allowed Monitoring of implementation and verification mechanisms

Слайд 6

Описание слайда:

Outer Space Treaty Basic legal framework for the international space law Initiated by the USA, the UK, and the USSR Bars from placing WMD in orbit of Earth, installing them on the Moon or any other celestial body, or otherwise stationing them in outer space Only peaceful use of the Moon and other celestial bodies, cannot be occupied and no sovereignty No tests of weapons of any kind, maneuvers or bases and fortifications Exploration of space is free for all countries and should be to the benefit of all countries BUT: conventional arms are not prohibited – a threat of arms race in outer space

Слайд 7

Описание слайда:

NPT Pillars: Nonproliferation (to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology) Disarmament (to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament) Peaceful uses of nuclear energy (to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy) NPT Review Conferences – every 5 years Indefinite duration of the treaty

Слайд 8

Описание слайда:

NWS Nuclear-weapon states (NWS) – China, France, Russia, the UK, the USA (permanent members of the UN Security Council, P-5) Unofficial NWS – India and Pakistan (nuclear tests in 1998), Israel (opacity policy), North Korea (the first country that officially left the NPT) States that abandoned the NWS status – South Africa, Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Libya

Слайд 9

Описание слайда:

NPT key provisions Key compromise - non-nuclear-weapon states (NNWS) agree never to acquire nuclear weapons and NWS in exchange agree to share the benefits of peaceful nuclear technology and to pursue nuclear disarmament aimed at the ultimate elimination of their nuclear arsenals NWS agree not to transfer nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices and not in any way to assist, encourage, or induce a NNWS to acquire nuclear weapons NWS provide security guarantees not fixed in the NPT (declaration of no-use against NNWS unless there is a nuclear attack)

Слайд 10

Описание слайда:

Problems NPT is allegedly discriminatory – have and have-nots Easy withdrawal from the NPT upon the will of the State Party (North Korea and no serious consequences for her) Nuclear weapons as an assurance against attack (if you have them, the risk of direct military attack is lower, deterrence mechanism) Unofficial NWS do not comply legally with the provisions of the treaty (Pakistan sharing the technology) Nuclear-sharing agreements (US nuclear bombs deployed and stored in Europe)

Слайд 11

Описание слайда:

Disarmament Vague obligation – no deadline Parties agree to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament Slow progress towards Nuclear Zero and Nuclear-Weapon-Free zones (NWFZ) The US and Russia reduced sharply in comparison with the peak of the Cold War (the 1970-1980s), others – wait. US-Russian arms limitation and reduction treaties – SALT, START, SORT, ABM Treaty, unilateral commitments on tactical NW More political than military importance of nuclear weapons

Слайд 12

Описание слайда:

Peaceful uses Sovereign right for peaceful uses of nuclear energy Restrictions and impediments to make it difficult to transfer the peaceful program into a weapon program IAEA safeguards – reporting and inspections Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) – standards in trade Problems: Uranium enrichment and plutonium reprocessing capabilities – dual-use and non-compliance FMCT (Fissile material cut-off treaty) negotiations 35-40 countries have knowledge to develop nuclear weapons

Слайд 13

Описание слайда:

CTBT Bans all nuclear test explosions Cannot enter into force – not ratified by all 44 states that have nuclear power reactors or research reactors India, Pakistan, North Korea – not even signed China, Egypt, Iran, Israel, US – signed but not ratified CTBTO – organization to prepare the entry into force and further verification, including onsite inspections (a network of monitoring centers, data center, etc.)

Слайд 14

Описание слайда:

BWC Extension of the 1925 Geneva Protocol (ban on the use of BW) The first multilateral treaty banning the production of an entire category of weapons Prohibits possession, development and stockpiling of biological agents and toxins Permitted purposes - prophylactic, protective and other peaceful purposes No verification mechanism

Слайд 15

Описание слайда:

CWC Outlaws production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons Provides for the destruction of existing CW arsenals with the specific schedule and deadlines – 90% already destroyed by 2015 OPCW for verification – monitors the implementation of the destruction process

Слайд 16

Описание слайда:

Small arms and light weapons (SALW) Not WMD – conventional weapons with high proliferation and low restrictions Firearms (machine-guns, rifles, etc.) and light weapons (grenade launchers, rocket launchers, landmines, rocket-propelled and hand grenades, etc.) Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) – bottom-up initiative (from NGOs to governments) entered into force in 2014 No supplies to arms-embargoed states, to countries with human rights abuses, and terrorism Standards in export and import controls, check the destination and end users