🗊Презентация Wind Energy Technology. (Lecture 8)

Wind Energy Technology At it’s simplest, the wind turns the turbine’s blades, which spin a shaft connected to a generator that makes electricity. Large turbines can be grouped together to form a wind power plant, which feeds power to the electrical transmission system.

Wind Resource Mapping Identifies most promising areas for wind energy development Employs geographic information system technology to create layers of key information Used by state energy planners, Indian tribes, and developers Approach changing from empirical to numerical modeling techniques Forecasting, resource assessment and site specific inflow quantification methods are likely to converge into a single approach

Conceptual Transmission Overlay

Industry’s Growing Needs A new 45-meter wind turbine blade was shipped to the NWTC for testing in July 2004.

Advanced Drivetrain R&D

MIT ADAMS Model

Top Ten Wind Turbine Manufacturers Installed capacity, annual market share in 2010 Vestas 14.8% Sinovel 11.1% GE Wind Energy 9.6% Goldwind 9.5% Enercon 7.2% Suzlon Group 6.9% Dongfang Electric 6.7$ Gamesa 6% Siemens Wind Power 5.9% United Power 4.2%

In 2016 http://www.energydigital.com/top10/3705/Top-10-Wind-Turbine-Suppliers 10. Nordex Germany 3.4%  9. Ming Yang China 3.7% 8. United Power China 3.9% 7. Gamesa Spain 4.6% 6. GE U.S. 4.9% 5. Sulzon Group India 6.3% 4. Siemens Germany 8.0% 3. Enercon Germany 10.1% 2. Goldwind China 10.3% 1. Vestas Denmark 13.2% Vestas is the world’s only global energy company dedicated entirely to wind power and it definitely shows. With more than 60 GW installed worldwide, Vestas is the biggest name in the wind industry. Vestas also experience on its side, as it’s been around since 1898. Committed to sustainability and a healthier planet, Vestas doesn’t look like it’s giving up its top spot anytime soon. 

In 2016 10. Nordex Germany 3.4%  Nordex has been supplying wind turbines since 1985. Just two years after its founding, the company installed the largest series wind turbine in the world at the time. The company saw large growth in the 1990s, entering the MW class in 1995. Nordex is still a world leader in wind, with its focus on reliability, quality ongoing service, and wide range of offerings. 9. Ming Yang China 3.7% The largest private wind turbine manufacturer in China (but the 5th largest in the country), Ming Yang is a major player in the world of wind. Founded in 2006, the company is relatively new—its first turbines went into production in 2007. The company’s stock skyrocketed earlier this year, with it getting major support from Chinese power companies. While it hasn’t quite hit the same highs, Ming Yang remains a leader in wind. 8. United Power China 3.9% United Power is a state-owned Chinese wind company which has been a world leader for several years. The company, which is headquartered in Beijing, has several subsidiaries underneath it. The company has a diverse turbine portfolio, allowing it to deploy its turbines in a variety of settings. 7. Gamesa Spain 4.6% Gamesa is a big name when it comes to wind. The company has 30,000 MW installed in 45 countries and offers comprehensive maintenance and service for 19,500 MW worth of turbines. Its two biggest markets are its home country of Spain and the burgeoning energy market of China. Gamesa is very internationally focused, as 88% of its sales come from outside of Spain. Also unique to the country is its partnership with universities, in which it looks to academic to recruit and retain the best staff it can. 6. GE U.S. 4.9% GE is majorly focused on innovation within the wind industry. It’s also very proud of its turbines, in which its 2-3 MW platform produces the highest annual energy yield in its class. With more than 16,500 turbines deployed worldwide, it’s no surprise that GE is one of the largest wind companies out there.  5. Sulzon Group India 6.3% Sulzon views itself as more than a wind company; it believes it is a champion of the renewable energy movement. As well as leading the charge for wind in India, the company operates on 6 continents—all except Antarctica. Also notable about Sulzon is its wide range of turbine size, from 600 kW to its 6.15 MW offshore turbine.  4. Siemens Germany 8.0% One of the most recognizable names in wind, Siemens offers solutions for both on and offshore wind projects. The biggest focus for Siemens is driving down costs of wind turbines. They aim to make renewable energy viable without subsidies. Siemens is also fully committed to their turbines, acting as its caretaker for its whole life cycle to ensure it’s always running optimally. 3. Enercon Germany 10.1% Enercon is a company that believes in value. Whether it’s its customers, service, shareholders, or employees, Enercon defines excellence as the value placed in them. The company is highly focused on delivering projects on time and error-free. Still, quality is king for Enercon and it’s not something it’s willing to compromise. 2. Goldwind China 10.3% Goldwind is an older wind company, having been founded in 1998. Since then, it’s grown massively and has an installed 19 GW around the globe. The company is looking to expand internationally, though it already has operations on all 6 continents. Goldwind is aiming for the number 1 spot on the list and believes it will get there by setting aggressive goals for itself—and it believes it can meet them. 1. Vestas Denmark 13.2% Vestas is the world’s only global energy company dedicated entirely to wind power and it definitely shows. With more than 60 GW installed worldwide, Vestas is the biggest name in the wind industry. Vestas also experience on its side, as it’s been around since 1898. Committed to sustainability and a healthier planet, Vestas doesn’t look like it’s giving up its top spot anytime soon. 

Wind Power (Basic Analyses) Kinetic Energy: ½ mV2; m-mass; V-velocity Wind Power: Energy/time = (1/2) (mass flow) (velocity)2 mass flow = density of air x area swept x velocity of air = ½ AV3 * However, turbine power P(T)=1/2  CpAV3 where maximum of Cp is known as the Betz limit = 16/27

Wind Power, cont’d. P(T) = ½CpA(ref)V3  = air density f(z, T, humidity) V = f(x,y,z,t) = <V> + v(fluctuating) Cp = f[C(L), C(D),  drive train, generator] Where C(D) is blade drag coefficient C(L) is blade lift coefficient  is angle of attack

Wind Power, cont’d. The science and technology of wind power includes: aerodynamics/fluid mechanics Material science Meteorology Mechanical design Power engineering Controls Add to these economics; aesthetics; environmental sciences.

Theoretical and Actual Wind Power Curves

Statistical Distribution of Wind Power Weibull Statistics

Weibull Density Function for Scale Parameter c = 1

Theoretical and Actual Wind Power Curves

The Betz Limit

The Betz Limit

Wind Power (siting) Summary of Features of Suitable Site High annual average wind speed (consult local National Weather Service Station) No tall obstructions upwind for a distance depending on the height Top of smooth well-rounded hill (with gentle slopes) on flat plain or island in a lake or sea Open plain, open shoreline Mountain gap that produces a funneling

The wind turbines are categorized into classes, corresponding to the average wind speed areas that they are designed for, see also fig. 22, thus area classes range from Class 1 - 200 W/m2 or less at 50 m height - to Class 7, 800 ÷ 2000 W/m2. Most of the large wind farms are sited for Class 3 or higher geographical areas, although Class 1 area will be of the most interest for architects. Wind turbines are classified by the wind speed they are designed for, from class I to class IV, with A or B referring to the turbulence. The wind turbines are categorized into classes, corresponding to the average wind speed areas that they are designed for, see also fig. 22, thus area classes range from Class 1 - 200 W/m2 or less at 50 m height - to Class 7, 800 ÷ 2000 W/m2. Most of the large wind farms are sited for Class 3 or higher geographical areas, although Class 1 area will be of the most interest for architects. Wind turbines are classified by the wind speed they are designed for, from class I to class IV, with A or B referring to the turbulence.

Necessary to remember that the efficiency of the wind turbines are restricted by Betz Limit, approximately equal to 59%. Usually wind turbines are fulfilling only about 65-85% of this range, thus it is accepted to talk about coefficient of Performance – COP, and not efficiency. Thus the most turbines have COP of 0.65 – 0.85. Necessary to remember that the efficiency of the wind turbines are restricted by Betz Limit, approximately equal to 59%. Usually wind turbines are fulfilling only about 65-85% of this range, thus it is accepted to talk about coefficient of Performance – COP, and not efficiency. Thus the most turbines have COP of 0.65 – 0.85.

Homework - Wind A wind-data acquisition system located at Kahuku Point, Hawaii, measures 8 m/s 24 times, 9 m/s 72 times, 10 m/s 85 times, 12 m/s 48 times, and 13 m/s 9 times during a given period. Find the mean, variance, and standard deviations. A turbine is rated at 100 KW at 16 m/s and 50 KW at 12 m/s. The area is 200m2. Compute the rated overall efficiency η at each rating when =1,294 kg/m3. Derive Betz Limit formula.