🗊Презентация Физиологическая (функциональная) экология

Research Summary last updated by G. A. Bartholomew in 1989 and slightly updated in 2006 by Bruce Bartholomew I have attempted to combine laboratory and field studies of ecologically relevant aspects of the physiology and behavior of animals which are exposed to unusu-ally demanding aspects of the physical environment or which represent an extreme of specialization for the group. My area of scientific concern lies at the interface between physiology, behavior, and ecology. I have concentrated my research in three environmental settings--deserts, oceanic islands, and tropical forests and savannahs. Because of the variety of taxa I have studied and the contrasting properties of the environmental settings in which I have worked, I have acquired a broadly comparative point of view which has allowed me to delineate both convergences and differences in the ways which dissimilar organisms meet similar problems. This in turn has afforded insights into the functional, ecological, and evolutionary aspects of adaptations. My research interests have led to groups of publications on each of the following topics: (1) photoperiodic control of reproduction in birds, mammals, and reptiles; (2) reproductive cycles in mammals; (3) cardiac, respiratory, and metabolic studies of large reptiles; (4) water economy, electrolyte excretion, and respiration physiology in birds and mammals; (5) energetics of locomotion in mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects; (6) hibernation and estiva-tion in birds and mammals; (7) reproductive and social behavior in a variety of terrestrial and marine birds and marine mammals; (8) distribution and population dynamics of seals and sea lions; and (9) heat production, energetics, and locomotor behavior of insects.

Knut Schmidt-Nielsen Born in Trondheim, Norway. He was educated in Oslo and Copenhagen. He became a student in the laboratory of August Krogh in Copenhagen in 1937. Schmidt-Nielsen moved to the United States, where he studied at Swarthmore College, Stanford University, and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine.[2] Schmidt-Nielsen published over 275 scientific papers, received the International Prize for Biology and wrote the authoritative text on animal physiology. Schmidt-Nielsen is widely recognized as having made significant contributions to ecophysiology. He has been referred to as "the father of comparative physiology and integrative biology"[3] and "one of the all-time greats of animal physiology".[4] He came to Duke University in 1952 and became a James B. Duke Professor in the Department of Biology. In 1980, Knut Schmidt-Nielsen was elected President of the International Union of Physiological Sciences. He was the founding editor of News in Physiological Sciences. He was a member of the Royal Society of London, the French Academy of Sciences and the United States National Academy of Sciences.[5] Next to the Biological Science building on Duke's campus is a statue of Schmidt-Nielson looking at a camel, honoring his more than twenty years of work studying and dispelling myths on how camels withstand the harsh desert environment.[6] [7]

Scholander, Per Fredrik (Thorkelsson) (Norway- United States 1905-1980) physiological ecology Physiologist Scholander became well known for his field and experimental studies on both animals and plants, especially those living in extreme ecological conditions. I cannot do better to describe his work here than to quote directly from the online publication 1986, University of California: In Memoriam: "A list of his achievements in animal and plant physiology is long. He anticipated and discovered that hemoglobin could facilitate the diffusion of oxygen and suggested that myoglobin may function in a similar capacity in muscles. He largely explained how the counter flow of arterial and venous blood in the rete mirabile of the swim bladder of some deep sea fishes could maintain a large difference in oxygen and nitrogen with respect to their partial pressures in sea water. He also found one of the clues to attaining the high oxygen pressure in the swim bladder. By direct measurement, he confirmed the cohesion theory of transpiration in tall trees, mangroves and desert shrubs. He came to understand the turgor pressure in plant cells must be attributed to pressure exerted by the solutes in the cytosol rather than to intracellular water, the orthodox view. This led to further challenge of the orthodox view of osmosis and osmotic pressure. He enlightened us on such varied subjects as: the role of insulation and metabolism in polar birds, mammals and man exposed to cold; freezing survival in polar insects and freezing avoidance in polar fish; paleoatmospheres preserved in gas bubbles entrapped in glacial ice; the cardiovascular adjustments during diving in marine mammals; and how porpoises ride the bow waves of ships.

СЛОНИМ Абрам Донович (1903, Петровск-Порт Дагестанской обл. – 1973, Фрунзе) физиолог. Д-р мед. наук (1939), проф. (1940). В 1924 окончил биол. ф-т Ленингр. ун-та, в 1926 – Ин-т мед. знаний (Ленинград). В 1926–33 науч. сотр. ВИЭМ, в 1940–50 зав. организованной им кафедры норм. физиологии Киргизского мед. ин-та, в 1950–65 зав. лаб. Ин-та физиологии им. И.П.Павлова АН СССР, в 1972–73 зам. дир. по науке Ин-та физиологии и эксперим. патологии высокогорья АН КиргССР. Осн. науч. работы посв. проблемам физиологии труд. деятельности, механизмам рефлекторной регуляции кровообращения, теплообразования, поведения организмов, экологии.Соч.: Животная теплота и ее регуляция в организме млекопитающих. М.–Л., 1952; Основы общей экологической физиологии млекопитающих. М.–Л., 1961; Среда и поведение: формирование адаптивного поведения. Л., 1976; Циркадный ритм физиологических процессов и трудовая деятельность человека. Фрунзе, 1976.

Николай Иванович Калабухов “Методика экспериментальных исследований по экологии наземных позвоночных” Советская наука, 1951 - Всего страниц: 175 В начале 30-х годов прошлого века Николай Иванович продолжил работу в лаборатории экологии Института зоологии МГУ у Владимира Владимировича Алпатова, возвратившись к исследованиям спячки и анабиоза животных. Здесь Калабухов проводил эксперименты на насекомых, рыбах, земноводных, пресмыкающихся и млекопитающих. Так, например, Николай Иванович обнаружил влияние содержания аскорбиновой кислоты на обмен веществ у сусликов и возникновение у них летней спячки. Он разработал методику постепенного охлаждения и перехода в анабиоз летучих мышей, открыл влияние низких температур на паразитов в крови подопытных животных (эти результаты были опубликованы в «Nature») и сделал вывод об условном значении термина «холодовой анабиоз» для позвоночных. В результате экспериментальных исследований им был сделан вывод, что принципом криоконсервации организмов должно быть стеклование (витрификация), а не кристаллизация. Сейчас этот метод активно используется в медицине и даже для сохранения человеческого эмбриона. Одновременно Николай Иванович исследует адаптацию животных к условиям высокогорья, возрастные изменения структуры и количества красных кровяных телец и многие другие функциональные механизмы адаптации. Позже в 1970 году в Лондоне Николай Иванович познакомится с Одри Смит и сотрудниками её лаборатории, которые изучали изменения в органах и тканях человека при переохлаждении и возможность холодовой консервации для пересадки органов и тканей при несчастных случаях и хирургических операциях. В конце 1936 г. сложившийся ученый Н.И. Калабухов оправляется в Ленинградский университет по приглашению Даниила Николаевича Кашкарова на кафедру зоологии позвоночных биофака.