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Linguistic Anthropology Week 2 April 23, 2019 Risako Ide University of Tsukuba
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Linguistic Anthropology Week 2 April 23, 2019 Risako Ide University of Tsukuba

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Linguistic Anthropology 　The study of 　　language as a cultural resource and 　　speaking as a cultural practice 　　　ことばで切る kotoba de kiru 　　　ことばを着る kotoba wo kiru
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Linguistic Anthropology 　The study of 　　language as a cultural resource and 　　speaking as a cultural practice 　　　ことばで切る kotoba de kiru 　　　ことばを着る kotoba wo kiru

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　From last week’s slide.. Human Language Traits Double articulation （二重音節性） Arbitrariness　 （恣意性） Productivity 　　 （生産性） Displacement （転移性） Cultural transmission （文化伝達性）
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　From last week’s slide.. Human Language Traits Double articulation （二重音節性） Arbitrariness　 （恣意性） Productivity 　　 （生産性） Displacement （転移性） Cultural transmission （文化伝達性）

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Burling Article “Smiles, Winks, and Words” (2005)
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Burling Article “Smiles, Winks, and Words” (2005)

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Few words on the readings… Look at manaba, on “How to read English articles”
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Few words on the readings… Look at manaba, on “How to read English articles”

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“Language could not have evolved from any animal-like form of communication simply because it is so different from all other animal behavior.” (p. 6) Humans use both digital and analogue ways of communication. Phonemes (p, b); giggles/laughs
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“Language could not have evolved from any animal-like form of communication simply because it is so different from all other animal behavior.” (p. 6) Humans use both digital and analogue ways of communication. Phonemes (p, b); giggles/laughs

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Gesture-calls: signals such as faces, vices, hands and arms, posture and movements of our entire bodies. Laughs, screams, smiles, frowns and shrugs. Gestures and vocalizations that all humans share (p.6) Language is digital and gesture-calls are analog. (p.7) Our phonological and syntactic core of language is digital while large parts of the rest is analog.
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Gesture-calls: signals such as faces, vices, hands and arms, posture and movements of our entire bodies. Laughs, screams, smiles, frowns and shrugs. Gestures and vocalizations that all humans share (p.6) Language is digital and gesture-calls are analog. (p.7) Our phonological and syntactic core of language is digital while large parts of the rest is analog.

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Nothing could develop if the genes did not make it possible, and nothing could develop without a suitable environment. Both heredity and environment have a role in everything.　(“gene-culture coevolution” Levinson 2003) Gesture-calls such as laughter are highly heritable. (p.8)
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Nothing could develop if the genes did not make it possible, and nothing could develop without a suitable environment. Both heredity and environment have a role in everything.　(“gene-culture coevolution” Levinson 2003) Gesture-calls such as laughter are highly heritable. (p.8)

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Linguistic Anthropology. Week 2, слайд №9
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SIGN LANGUAGE
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SIGN LANGUAGE

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Sign language 手話 and beyond Digital system as in spoken language. Use of three dimensional space. Sign language shows us that it is the brain, rather than the vocal organs that has made the most important adaptation in the human language. (p.12)
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Sign language 手話 and beyond Digital system as in spoken language. Use of three dimensional space. Sign language shows us that it is the brain, rather than the vocal organs that has made the most important adaptation in the human language. (p.12)

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Linguistic Anthropology. Week 2, слайд №12
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Linguistic Anthropology. Week 2, слайд №13
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Through the language lens Lecture 1: Linguistic relativity theory Lecture 2: Metaphors and we live by
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Through the language lens Lecture 1: Linguistic relativity theory Lecture 2: Metaphors and we live by

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Let’s do a small experiment
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Let’s do a small experiment

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1. HISTORICAL ORIGIN OF LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY
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1. HISTORICAL ORIGIN OF LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY

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Linguistics in Europe Linguistics in Europe was occupied by historical linguistics: in search of a proto-language
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Linguistics in Europe Linguistics in Europe was occupied by historical linguistics: in search of a proto-language

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Grimm’s brothers グリム兄弟 Jacob Grimm (1785-1863) & Wilhelm Grimm (1786-1859) Philologists and folklorists Hansel and Gretel; Sleeping Beauty Discovery of the “Grimm’s Law” or the “Great Consonant Shift” (1822)
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Grimm’s brothers グリム兄弟 Jacob Grimm (1785-1863) & Wilhelm Grimm (1786-1859) Philologists and folklorists Hansel and Gretel; Sleeping Beauty Discovery of the “Grimm’s Law” or the “Great Consonant Shift” (1822)

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Grimm’s Law　グリムの法則 (Great Consonant Shift) Systematic study of the categorization of consonant shifts that occurred between Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Germanic.　 /p, t, k/(non-Germanic)→ /f, ��, h or x/(Germanic) pedem (Latin)→ foot (Eng.), Fuss (Ger) Romance languages poisson, pez / pére, padre Germanic languages fish, fisch / father, vater
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Grimm’s Law　グリムの法則 (Great Consonant Shift) Systematic study of the categorization of consonant shifts that occurred between Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Germanic.　 /p, t, k/(non-Germanic)→ /f, ��, h or x/(Germanic) pedem (Latin)→ foot (Eng.), Fuss (Ger) Romance languages poisson, pez / pére, padre Germanic languages fish, fisch / father, vater

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Linguistic Anthropology. Week 2, слайд №20
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Indo-European language tree https://anthropology.net/2008/02/05/the-indo-european-language-tree/
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Indo-European language tree https://anthropology.net/2008/02/05/the-indo-european-language-tree/

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language

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What was going on in the US?
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What was going on in the US?

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Approximately 562 tribal territories during Pre-Columbian 15 century
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Approximately 562 tribal territories during Pre-Columbian 15 century

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Anthropology in the United States Smithsonian Institution (1846) Bureau of American Ethnology (1879) Franz Boas (1858-1942) German-American anthropologist, Editor of Handbook of American Indian languages (1911) “One could not really understand another culture without having direct access to its language.”
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Anthropology in the United States Smithsonian Institution (1846) Bureau of American Ethnology (1879) Franz Boas (1858-1942) German-American anthropologist, Editor of Handbook of American Indian languages (1911) “One could not really understand another culture without having direct access to its language.”

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Linguistic Anthropology. Week 2, слайд №26
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2. LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY THEORY
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2. LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY THEORY

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Linguistic relativity is the claim that language stands between us and the world and works like a lens or a filter to influence our experience of the world. (Wilce 2017: 132)
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Linguistic relativity is the claim that language stands between us and the world and works like a lens or a filter to influence our experience of the world. (Wilce 2017: 132)

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言語相対論 Linguistic Relativity Theory (The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis) Edward Sapir (1884-1939) Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897-1941)
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言語相対論 Linguistic Relativity Theory (The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis) Edward Sapir (1884-1939) Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897-1941)

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Edward Sapir Objects or forces in the physical environment become labeled in language only if they have cultural significance—that is, if they “take up the attention of the community”. Once a language provides a word for an object or activity, that object or event becomes culturally significant. Eg. Filipino or Japanese terms for “rice”
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Edward Sapir Objects or forces in the physical environment become labeled in language only if they have cultural significance—that is, if they “take up the attention of the community”. Once a language provides a word for an object or activity, that object or event becomes culturally significant. Eg. Filipino or Japanese terms for “rice”

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“Brother” in Japanese /ani/ (older brother) /otouto/ (younger brother) 「牛」 “cow” （雄牛、雌牛、仔牛）in English, ‘ox’, ‘cattle’, ‘calf’, ‘bull’ (non-neutered　去勢していない雄牛), ‘heiffer’（a female cow who has not given birth yet, 仔を産んでいない雌牛）, ‘bullock’　(neutered 去勢した雄牛）
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“Brother” in Japanese /ani/ (older brother) /otouto/ (younger brother) 「牛」 “cow” （雄牛、雌牛、仔牛）in English, ‘ox’, ‘cattle’, ‘calf’, ‘bull’ (non-neutered　去勢していない雄牛), ‘heiffer’（a female cow who has not given birth yet, 仔を産んでいない雌牛）, ‘bullock’　(neutered 去勢した雄牛）

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Linguistic Anthropology. Week 2, слайд №32
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Folk Taxonomy Ethnolinguistics
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Folk Taxonomy Ethnolinguistics

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Classification based on shape (A) and body-parts (B)
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Classification based on shape (A) and body-parts (B)

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Words for “Carrying/holding” （持つ）in Mandarin Chinese
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Words for “Carrying/holding” （持つ）in Mandarin Chinese

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Korean and Japanese verbs for “wear”
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Korean and Japanese verbs for “wear”

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Benjamin L. Whorf Investigated whether grammatical structures provide frameworks for orienting speaker’s thoughts and behaviors. .. Influence of language can be seen both through vocabulary and through more complex grammatical relations.
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Benjamin L. Whorf Investigated whether grammatical structures provide frameworks for orienting speaker’s thoughts and behaviors. .. Influence of language can be seen both through vocabulary and through more complex grammatical relations.

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Navajo vs English English: many verbs showing the concept of “compulsion”（強制） force, oblige, make, compel, order, command, constrain, must, have to, ought to, got to, …. “I must go there”: “I have to go there”, “I should go” …  Navajo: no specific “verb” showing compulsion “It’s only good that I shall go there” English: I make the horse run. (Causative: 使役動詞) Navajo: The horse is running for me.
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Navajo vs English English: many verbs showing the concept of “compulsion”（強制） force, oblige, make, compel, order, command, constrain, must, have to, ought to, got to, …. “I must go there”: “I have to go there”, “I should go” …  Navajo: no specific “verb” showing compulsion “It’s only good that I shall go there” English: I make the horse run. (Causative: 使役動詞) Navajo: The horse is running for me.

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Hopi vs. SAE(Standard Average European) Hopi microcosm: events happening “subjectively” vs. “objectively” 　　‘He ran’ (1)　‘wari’ 　　(factual, objective description) (2) ‘warikni’ (reflective, talking from memory) SAE: use TENSE to mark the time at which an action takes place. (Habitual ways of thinking about TIME as past →present →future) 　　　→　“I have eaten”
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Hopi vs. SAE(Standard Average European) Hopi microcosm: events happening “subjectively” vs. “objectively” 　　‘He ran’ (1)　‘wari’ 　　(factual, objective description) (2) ‘warikni’ (reflective, talking from memory) SAE: use TENSE to mark the time at which an action takes place. (Habitual ways of thinking about TIME as past →present →future) 　　　→　“I have eaten”

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“Habitual Thoughts” (Whorf) Grammatical categories are to some extent obligatory and habitual. It is relatively inaccessible to the average speaker’s consciousness and it will form a privileged location for transmitting and reproducing cultural and social categories.
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“Habitual Thoughts” (Whorf) Grammatical categories are to some extent obligatory and habitual. It is relatively inaccessible to the average speaker’s consciousness and it will form a privileged location for transmitting and reproducing cultural and social categories.

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What do you see here?
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What do you see here?

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Two interpretations Sapir : Relativism/Weak version（言語相対論） Differences among languages can influence the differences in the thought of their speakers. Wholf: Determinism/Strong version（言語決定論） People’s thoughts are determined by the categories made available by their language.
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Two interpretations Sapir : Relativism/Weak version（言語相対論） Differences among languages can influence the differences in the thought of their speakers. Wholf: Determinism/Strong version（言語決定論） People’s thoughts are determined by the categories made available by their language.

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Spatial Categorization
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Spatial Categorization

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Relative vs Absolute Right, Left, In Front of, in the Back of.. Space is perceived with a certain reference point.
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Relative vs Absolute Right, Left, In Front of, in the Back of.. Space is perceived with a certain reference point.

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Spatial recognition between “relative” and “absolute” (S. Levinson 1992)
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Spatial recognition between “relative” and “absolute” (S. Levinson 1992)

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 Lera Boroditsky on “How language shapes the way we think” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RKK7wGAYP6k
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 Lera Boroditsky on “How language shapes the way we think” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RKK7wGAYP6k

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Categorization and Habitual Thought: A Case in Japanese
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Categorization and Habitual Thought: A Case in Japanese

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What’s in common? Cigarette Homerun Movie/film Carrot Telephone call Tie Pencil Green onion Daikon　radish
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What’s in common? Cigarette Homerun Movie/film Carrot Telephone call Tie Pencil Green onion Daikon　radish

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Categorizing through verbs 骨をおる(oru) 窓ガラスをわる(waru) バリケードをやぶる(yaburu) 砂山をくずす(kuzusu) おもちゃをこわす(kowasu)
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Categorizing through verbs 骨をおる(oru) 窓ガラスをわる(waru) バリケードをやぶる(yaburu) 砂山をくずす(kuzusu) おもちゃをこわす(kowasu)

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Dimension and material flexibility （Y. Fujii 2008)
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Dimension and material flexibility （Y. Fujii 2008)

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Linguistic Comparison Languages with counters
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Linguistic Comparison Languages with counters

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Contributions of the Linguistic Relativity Theory 1. Anthropologist moving from the “armchair” into the “field”. 2. Renewed understanding of the concept of “culture” in early 20th century. “culture” vs. “nature” as savage, uncontrolled “culture” as socially distributed knowledge and patterns of thoughts
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Contributions of the Linguistic Relativity Theory 1. Anthropologist moving from the “armchair” into the “field”. 2. Renewed understanding of the concept of “culture” in early 20th century. “culture” vs. “nature” as savage, uncontrolled “culture” as socially distributed knowledge and patterns of thoughts

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A renewed concept for race or culture at the time of Darwinism & Eugenics(優生主義)
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A renewed concept for race or culture at the time of Darwinism & Eugenics(優生主義)

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Limitation of the Hypothesis There are universal aspects in human worldview regardless of the language. Linguistic Universalism （言語の普遍性） The study of “Basic color terms” (Berlin & Kay 1969)
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Limitation of the Hypothesis There are universal aspects in human worldview regardless of the language. Linguistic Universalism （言語の普遍性） The study of “Basic color terms” (Berlin & Kay 1969)

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Remember the figure?
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Remember the figure?

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3. UNIVERSAL ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE - COLOR TERMS -
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3. UNIVERSAL ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE - COLOR TERMS -

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Basic color terms study (Berlin and Kay 1969)
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Basic color terms study (Berlin and Kay 1969)

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Sequences of color terms based on number
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Sequences of color terms based on number

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Russian terms for ‘blue’
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Russian terms for ‘blue’

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4. METAPHORS AND METONYMY
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4. METAPHORS AND METONYMY

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Metaphor （隠喩・暗喩） A word or phrase used in imaginative way to describe somebody or something else, in order to show that the two things have the same qualities and to make the description more powerful. She has a heart of stone. A sudden flood of joy came over me. お人形のようにかわいい子 目玉焼き/ sunny-side up
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Metaphor （隠喩・暗喩） A word or phrase used in imaginative way to describe somebody or something else, in order to show that the two things have the same qualities and to make the description more powerful. She has a heart of stone. A sudden flood of joy came over me. お人形のようにかわいい子 目玉焼き/ sunny-side up

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Metonymy （換喩） The act of referring to sth/sb. by the name of something else that is closely connected with it. The White House announced today…. The kettle is boiling. 今夜は鍋にするか。 Please erase the blackboard after class. 授業が終わったら黒板を消してください。 財布の中の諭吉
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Metonymy （換喩） The act of referring to sth/sb. by the name of something else that is closely connected with it. The White House announced today…. The kettle is boiling. 今夜は鍋にするか。 Please erase the blackboard after class. 授業が終わったら黒板を消してください。 財布の中の諭吉

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Metaphors 　The essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another. Metaphors imply certain folk theories about the world or our experience of it. Metaphors may create realities for us, especially social realities. (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980)
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Metaphors 　The essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another. Metaphors imply certain folk theories about the world or our experience of it. Metaphors may create realities for us, especially social realities. (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980)

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Lakoff and Johnson (1980) Metaphors We Live By　『レトリックと人生』 “Theory” = Building metaphor foundation, framework, support, stand, shaky, fall , collapse, grounded, etc. “Understanding” = Seeing metaphor ‘I see what you mean’, ‘I got the picture’, ‘that’s insightful/brilliant’, ‘it’s clear’ etc.
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Lakoff and Johnson (1980) Metaphors We Live By　『レトリックと人生』 “Theory” = Building metaphor foundation, framework, support, stand, shaky, fall , collapse, grounded, etc. “Understanding” = Seeing metaphor ‘I see what you mean’, ‘I got the picture’, ‘that’s insightful/brilliant’, ‘it’s clear’ etc.

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“Argument” = war Your claims are indefensible. He attacked every weak point in my argument. His criticisms were right on target. I demolished his argument. I’ve never won an argument with him. You disagree? Okay, shoot!
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“Argument” = war Your claims are indefensible. He attacked every weak point in my argument. His criticisms were right on target. I demolished his argument. I’ve never won an argument with him. You disagree? Okay, shoot!

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Physical space metaphor ↑　up = more, good, positive, conscious ↓ down = less, bad, negative Universal; non-arbitrary Right vs. Left Culturally relative; arbitrary　
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Physical space metaphor ↑　up = more, good, positive, conscious ↓ down = less, bad, negative Universal; non-arbitrary Right vs. Left Culturally relative; arbitrary　

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Recommended readings Lakoff, George (1991) “Metaphor and war” Lakoff, George (2003) “Metaphor and war, again” Lakoff, G. and Nunez, R. (2001) Where mathematics come from: How the embodied mind brings mathematics into being. 井上京子(1998）『もし右や左がなかったら』 ガイチャー・ドイ『言語が違えば世界が違って見えるわけ』 Deutscher, Guy (2011) Through the looking glass: Why the world looks different in other languages.
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Recommended readings Lakoff, George (1991) “Metaphor and war” Lakoff, George (2003) “Metaphor and war, again” Lakoff, G. and Nunez, R. (2001) Where mathematics come from: How the embodied mind brings mathematics into being. 井上京子(1998）『もし右や左がなかったら』 ガイチャー・ドイ『言語が違えば世界が違って見えるわけ』 Deutscher, Guy (2011) Through the looking glass: Why the world looks different in other languages.

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The Gulf War (湾岸戦争) 　1991-1992
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The Gulf War (湾岸戦争) 　1991-1992

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Metaphors were used to justify the cause of war　湾岸戦争を正当化するためのメタファー The state-as-person The “fairy-tale of the just war” (Villain=Iraq, victim=Kuwait, and the hero=US) “Self-defense” vs. “Rescue” scenario War as violent crime, medicine, and competitive game
Описание слайда:
Metaphors were used to justify the cause of war　湾岸戦争を正当化するためのメタファー The state-as-person The “fairy-tale of the just war” (Villain=Iraq, victim=Kuwait, and the hero=US) “Self-defense” vs. “Rescue” scenario War as violent crime, medicine, and competitive game

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Saddam Hussein Captured (12. 2003)
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Saddam Hussein Captured (12. 2003)

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V. N. Volosinov (1895-1936)
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V. N. Volosinov (1895-1936)

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To sum up… Language expresses cultural reality. Language embodies cultural reality. Language symbolizes cultural reality. Or, as an elegantly dressed women said in a New York bakery… “Thank goodness for the word ‘muffin’. Otherwise, I’d be eating cake for breakfast every morning.”
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To sum up… Language expresses cultural reality. Language embodies cultural reality. Language symbolizes cultural reality. Or, as an elegantly dressed women said in a New York bakery… “Thank goodness for the word ‘muffin’. Otherwise, I’d be eating cake for breakfast every morning.”

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References 井上京子(1998）『もし右や左がなかったら―言語人類学への招待』大修館書店 Berlin, B. and P. Kay (1969) Basic Color Terms: Their universality and evolution. Forey, William (1997) Linguistic Anthropology: An introduction. Blackwell. 藤井洋子(2005)「*骨をこわすvs. break the bone―認知カテゴリーと文法項目のタイポロジー」『講座社会言語科学第一巻　異文化とコミュニケーション』ひつじ書房, pp.156-169. Sapir, E. (1921) Language: An introduction to the study of speech. Harcout Brace Jovanovich Publishers. [サピア・エドワード著、安藤貞雄訳(1998）『言語：ことばの研究序説』岩波書店] Whorf, L. B. (1956) Language, Thought, and Reality. The MIT Press. [ウォーフ・Ｌ・ベンジャミン著、池上嘉彦訳(1993)『言語・思考・現実』講談社 Volosinov, N. Valentin (1986) Marxism and Philosophy of Language. Harvard University Press.
Описание слайда:
References 井上京子(1998）『もし右や左がなかったら―言語人類学への招待』大修館書店 Berlin, B. and P. Kay (1969) Basic Color Terms: Their universality and evolution. Forey, William (1997) Linguistic Anthropology: An introduction. Blackwell. 藤井洋子(2005)「*骨をこわすvs. break the bone―認知カテゴリーと文法項目のタイポロジー」『講座社会言語科学第一巻　異文化とコミュニケーション』ひつじ書房, pp.156-169. Sapir, E. (1921) Language: An introduction to the study of speech. Harcout Brace Jovanovich Publishers. [サピア・エドワード著、安藤貞雄訳(1998）『言語：ことばの研究序説』岩波書店] Whorf, L. B. (1956) Language, Thought, and Reality. The MIT Press. [ウォーフ・Ｌ・ベンジャミン著、池上嘉彦訳(1993)『言語・思考・現実』講談社 Volosinov, N. Valentin (1986) Marxism and Philosophy of Language. Harvard University Press.

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