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British Political Parties. A look at the landscape, слайд №1

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British Political Parties A look at the landscape

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Impact on Constitution Crucial to British Constitution Provide links between Parliament and executive Citizens and government In Walter Bagehot’s terms, the “buckle” in the system Transformative role: Transfer power of parliament to cabinet

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The British Party System A two or ‘few’ party system Up to a dozen parties contesting elections However, only three major parties Labour or ‘New Labour’ Liberal Democrats Conservatives Labour or Conservatives normally have majority Others potentially important because they can draw support away from the majors

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The Labour Party: Established by the Trade Union Congress (TUC) in 1900 Becomes a Socialist Party in 1918: Commitment to public ownership of the means of production Strong trade union presence within party Historically divided about how to achieve its objectives Labour v. New Labour?

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The Conservatives 18th c roots a mass party, from 1869 Historic principle: Willingness to adapt, accept some change, in order to preserve the best of the past As such, has assumed a variety of different positions: Acceptance of free trade Empire Preference Post WW II Acceptance of welfare state One Nation Conservatism Thatcherism & beyond?

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Liberal Democrats: Liberals 18 & 19th c roots 19th c & early 20th c force for political & social reform Splits: Home Rule (20th c) reform agenda Eclipsed by Labour in the interwar period Resurgence after 1970 Merger with Social Democrats (mid-80s) Remains 3rd party in two party duopoly

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Other parties: Scottish National Party (SNP) British National Party (BNP) Unionists Social Democratic and Labour Party UKIP – United Kingdom Independence Party

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What parties divide over 19th c Liberals vs. Conservatives Religion Pace of reform 20th c Social class The welfare state Today?

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20th C Party Battle Until 1911 Liberals v. Conservatives, with Liberals as majority party Interwar period: 3 party competition Occasional Conservative majorities Labour minority govts 1924-26 1929-31 National Coalitions 1931-39 1939-45

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From 1945 1945 Labour wins majority Builds welfare state 1951-64 Conservatives in power Accept & expand welfare state ‘Butskellism’ 1964-70 Labour back in power

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From 1970 End of postwar consensus Decline of older industries Increased tensions, strikes Conservatives move to the right Labour to the left Party balance 1970-74 Conservative under Edward Heath 1974-79 Labour w. bare majority, then minority Harold Wilson (until 1976) Conservative hegemony 1979-97 Margaret Thatcher, 1979-1990 John Major 1990-97 James Callaghan (1976-79)