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Bureaucracy

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Bureaucracy 7 concepts of bureaucracy As rational organization As organizational inefficiency As rule by officials As public administration As administration by officials As organization As modern society

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Theories of Bureaucracy As a rational administrative machine As a conservative bloc As a source of government oversupply

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Rational Administrative Model Weber’s model Jurisdictional areas are fixed and official and ordered by laws or rules Hierarchy Business is managed on the basis of written documents and a filing system The authority of officials stem from the post they hold not from personal status Bureaucratic rules are strict to minimize the scope of personal discretion Appointment and advancement are based on professional criteria such as training, expertise and administrative competence

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Bureaucracy The central feature of the bureaucracy is rationality The development of bureaucratization was linked to the development of capitalist economies and the growth of state functions, the pressures of democratization with emphasis on meritocracy and openness

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Power Bloc Model The Karl Marx’ idea: The Bureaucracy as a mechanism through which bourgeois interest are upheld and the capitalist system defended. Ralph Miliband - neo-Marxist – top civil servants are conservative and are allies of social and economic elites; defend the interests of capitalism, and thus bloc socialist governments

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Public Choice Model Public choice theory - bureaucrats are utility maximizers, rationally self-seeking creatures This economic model is applied to the public sector

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Functions Carrying out administration: implement or execute law and policy; It administers government business Policy advise: outline the policy options available to ministers and review policy proposals Articulating interests Political stability

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Organization of bureaucracy Centralized vs. Decentralized Centralized: France, UK. Decentralized: USA

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Objectives of public policies 1) Distributive allocate values to provide particular goods and services 2) redistributive -transfer values from one group to another 3) regulatory policies limit actions (abortion) 4) symbolic policies confer honor or disrepute

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Policy process Issue identification Problem definition Specification of alternatives Policy selection Implementation Evaluation

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Approaches to decision-making 1) The Elite approach (elites vs. masses) 2) The class approach Class is a large group of individuals who are similar in their possession of or control over some fundamental value Class approach focuses on the examination of the tactics of class domination and the dynamics of the class struggle

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Approaches to policy-making 3) The group approach In this approach, the government Establish rules of the game Determine the interests of competing groups Find a policy that balances the positions of all active groups Enact these balance points as public policy decisions Implement the resulting value allocations