🗊Презентация Government its types & branches. (Week 6)

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Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №1Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №2Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №3Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №4Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №5Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №6Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №7Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №8Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №9Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №10Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №11Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №12Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №13Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №14Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №15Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №16Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №17Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №18Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №19Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №20Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №21Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №22Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №23Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №24Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №25Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №26Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №27Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №28Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №29Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №30Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №31Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №32Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №33Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №34Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №35Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №36Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №37Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №38Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №39Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №40Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №41Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №42Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №43
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Lecture notes for WEEK 6 Also: Check and balances Cabinets Legislatures and Courts
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Lecture notes for WEEK 6 Also: Check and balances Cabinets Legislatures and Courts

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Government: government the root is from old Greek - refers to "steering" / “guiding" and control the study of government & its institutions lies at the heart of Political Science… Attention: in English, the term “government” is often used with different meanings*(see below)
Описание слайда:
Government: government the root is from old Greek - refers to "steering" / “guiding" and control the study of government & its institutions lies at the heart of Political Science… Attention: in English, the term “government” is often used with different meanings*(see below)

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Government: generally, we speak of three branches of government*: executive branch legislative branch judicial branch
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Government: generally, we speak of three branches of government*: executive branch legislative branch judicial branch

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Government: branches of government - definitions: 1. executive (executive branch) = the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the state affairs have powers to implement policies & enforce laws (the latter, for instance, with help of the police) consists of departments /ministries + agencies of government; in presidential systems also of the president
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Government: branches of government - definitions: 1. executive (executive branch) = the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the state affairs have powers to implement policies & enforce laws (the latter, for instance, with help of the police) consists of departments /ministries + agencies of government; in presidential systems also of the president

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Government: 2. legislature (legislative branch) = representative assembly responsible for making laws for a country A legislature may have different structures + fulfils many functions; see also parliament
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Government: 2. legislature (legislative branch) = representative assembly responsible for making laws for a country A legislature may have different structures + fulfils many functions; see also parliament

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Government: 3. judiciary (judicial branch) = a branch responsible for the interpretation of the law & its application it has the power to resolve legal conflicts that arise between citizens, or between citizens & governments, or between levels of government
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Government: 3. judiciary (judicial branch) = a branch responsible for the interpretation of the law & its application it has the power to resolve legal conflicts that arise between citizens, or between citizens & governments, or between levels of government

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Judiciary & courts: Some important characteristics of the judiciary: judicial impartiality (=neutrality) judicial independence (courts do not obey the executive!)
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Judiciary & courts: Some important characteristics of the judiciary: judicial impartiality (=neutrality) judicial independence (courts do not obey the executive!)

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Judiciary & courts: Courts may also play the political role: in many countries, higher courts have the authority to overturn decision of other branches of government when they consider them unconstitutional this role especially belongs to constitutional courts In Kazakhstan, such a court is called Constitutional Council
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Judiciary & courts: Courts may also play the political role: in many countries, higher courts have the authority to overturn decision of other branches of government when they consider them unconstitutional this role especially belongs to constitutional courts In Kazakhstan, such a court is called Constitutional Council

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Constitutional Council in the RKZ (optional): Constitutional Council of the RKZ Has a special position in the political system of KZ. Its powers are defined in the art. 72 of the Constitution It decides in the case of dispute: elections of the President; elections of the Parliament deputies; referendum; It examines: a) whether laws passed by Parliament and signed by the President comply with the Constitution; b) whether ratified international treaties comply with it It provides with official interpretation of the Constitution
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Constitutional Council in the RKZ (optional): Constitutional Council of the RKZ Has a special position in the political system of KZ. Its powers are defined in the art. 72 of the Constitution It decides in the case of dispute: elections of the President; elections of the Parliament deputies; referendum; It examines: a) whether laws passed by Parliament and signed by the President comply with the Constitution; b) whether ratified international treaties comply with it It provides with official interpretation of the Constitution

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Government: In a functioning democratic system there should be: 1. separation of powers between these 3 branches* - i.e. each branch had its own area in which makes decisions and 2. checks and balances which gives each branch powers that enable it to prevent the other branches from taking some bad actions both principles are different yet closely linked
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Government: In a functioning democratic system there should be: 1. separation of powers between these 3 branches* - i.e. each branch had its own area in which makes decisions and 2. checks and balances which gives each branch powers that enable it to prevent the other branches from taking some bad actions both principles are different yet closely linked

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Separation of powers and “checks and balances”:
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Separation of powers and “checks and balances”:

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Government – separation of powers: Note: an example of separation of powers: President or Prime Minister cannot order a court what to do & cannot interfere with its work!
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Government – separation of powers: Note: an example of separation of powers: President or Prime Minister cannot order a court what to do & cannot interfere with its work!

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Parliament: The key institution of the legislative branch is: Legislature (also: Parliament) = representative assembly with the power to adopt laws; legislatures are known by many names, the most common being ”parliament” in different countries different names: Congress, Diet (Japan), or National Assembly (BG), Knesset, Duma, Cortes (Spain)… Terms to understand: deputy (=member of the parliament); bill (a draft of law considered by the parl.)
Описание слайда:
Parliament: The key institution of the legislative branch is: Legislature (also: Parliament) = representative assembly with the power to adopt laws; legislatures are known by many names, the most common being ”parliament” in different countries different names: Congress, Diet (Japan), or National Assembly (BG), Knesset, Duma, Cortes (Spain)… Terms to understand: deputy (=member of the parliament); bill (a draft of law considered by the parl.)

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Parliament: legislatures are mostly bi-cameral i.e. consist of a “lower” and “upper“ house (often called Senate, House of Lords in U.K.) “upper houses” usually have “reviewing and advisory” role; in federations they may represent regions /provinces, etc. sometimes unicameral (e.g. in Sweden)
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Parliament: legislatures are mostly bi-cameral i.e. consist of a “lower” and “upper“ house (often called Senate, House of Lords in U.K.) “upper houses” usually have “reviewing and advisory” role; in federations they may represent regions /provinces, etc. sometimes unicameral (e.g. in Sweden)

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Parliament (U.K.):
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Parliament (U.K.):

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Parliament (Bundestag, GER):
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Parliament (Bundestag, GER):

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Parliament – functions (remember at least four):
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Parliament – functions (remember at least four):

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The Parliament in KZ – Majilis (optional): Exclusive powers of Lower Chamber of Parliament of Kazakhstan (Majilis): Consideration of laws Discussion of the national budget, setting up state taxes and duties Ratification and revoking of international treaties of KZ Passing the vote of no confidence to the Government Bringing an accusation against the President for high treason
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The Parliament in KZ – Majilis (optional): Exclusive powers of Lower Chamber of Parliament of Kazakhstan (Majilis): Consideration of laws Discussion of the national budget, setting up state taxes and duties Ratification and revoking of international treaties of KZ Passing the vote of no confidence to the Government Bringing an accusation against the President for high treason

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Executive - Cabinet: The Cabinet – what is it? *) its members are usually chosen by the Prime Minister, from selected members of the legislature, and approved by the legislature (& formally by the head of the state) in some countries, e.g. Netherlands, ministers have to give up their parl. seats cabinet is usually headed by a Prime Minister (PM), by the Chancellor in Germany
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Executive - Cabinet: The Cabinet – what is it? *) its members are usually chosen by the Prime Minister, from selected members of the legislature, and approved by the legislature (& formally by the head of the state) in some countries, e.g. Netherlands, ministers have to give up their parl. seats cabinet is usually headed by a Prime Minister (PM), by the Chancellor in Germany

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Executive - Cabinet: Cabinet - functions responsible for policies in particular areas (agriculture, environment, transportation, etc.), including: planning policies and implementing policies also: organizing public services building the infrastructure(s) collecting taxes (usually through a special agency)
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Executive - Cabinet: Cabinet - functions responsible for policies in particular areas (agriculture, environment, transportation, etc.), including: planning policies and implementing policies also: organizing public services building the infrastructure(s) collecting taxes (usually through a special agency)

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Current Cabinet in KZ: Cabinet /government of KZ (see the KZ government website): Ministers and ministries As everywhere, ministers are in charge of government offices (ministries), which are responsible for specific policy areas remember at least 2 different ministries in KZ How many of them are headed by women?
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Current Cabinet in KZ: Cabinet /government of KZ (see the KZ government website): Ministers and ministries As everywhere, ministers are in charge of government offices (ministries), which are responsible for specific policy areas remember at least 2 different ministries in KZ How many of them are headed by women?

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Cabinet (optional): cabinet / government formation – 2 basic types: single-party cabinet (e.g. in the U.K.) coalition cabinet – any combination of parties to reach majority in parl. coalitions = often “the marriage of convenience”, often inherent instability
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Cabinet (optional): cabinet / government formation – 2 basic types: single-party cabinet (e.g. in the U.K.) coalition cabinet – any combination of parties to reach majority in parl. coalitions = often “the marriage of convenience”, often inherent instability

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Heads of State: heads of states – different types of them: functions of a hereditary monarch (mostly symbolic but compare the Swedish vs. Spanish kings) elected heads of state – in non-presidential systems mostly only slightly more political role than monarchs (e.g. the German president); in presidential systems, presidents are chief executives As a rule, popularly elected presidents usually have more power than parliament-elected
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Heads of State: heads of states – different types of them: functions of a hereditary monarch (mostly symbolic but compare the Swedish vs. Spanish kings) elected heads of state – in non-presidential systems mostly only slightly more political role than monarchs (e.g. the German president); in presidential systems, presidents are chief executives As a rule, popularly elected presidents usually have more power than parliament-elected

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Government – forms & types: Types of “government”: parliamentary system the PM = the dominant figure, usually a party leader & his /her majority party control both legislative & executive branches (party discipline is important in this system)* vs. presidential system for instance, in the U.S. President is the “chief executive” **
Описание слайда:
Government – forms & types: Types of “government”: parliamentary system the PM = the dominant figure, usually a party leader & his /her majority party control both legislative & executive branches (party discipline is important in this system)* vs. presidential system for instance, in the U.S. President is the “chief executive” **

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Seminar: Government – forms & types: semi-presidential system (a “hybrid” system) executive power is shared by both the president + the PM (e.g. France, also Finland, Poland, Lithuania)
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Seminar: Government – forms & types: semi-presidential system (a “hybrid” system) executive power is shared by both the president + the PM (e.g. France, also Finland, Poland, Lithuania)

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Seminar: parliamentary vs. presidential systems: Comparison of parliamentary and presidential forms of government: in parliamentary systems: separate head of state & head of the executive in presidential system, one official fulfills both functions of chief executive and a head of state in pres. system, different elections for president and for parliament interesting: to compare whether political executive are members of the legislature (in the parliamentary systems they sometimes are…)
Описание слайда:
Seminar: parliamentary vs. presidential systems: Comparison of parliamentary and presidential forms of government: in parliamentary systems: separate head of state & head of the executive in presidential system, one official fulfills both functions of chief executive and a head of state in pres. system, different elections for president and for parliament interesting: to compare whether political executive are members of the legislature (in the parliamentary systems they sometimes are…)

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Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №27
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Presidential Systems Direct Election of the Chief Executive Electoral college Fixed Terms for the Executive and Legislature Separation of Powers and Checks & Balances Impeachment Sole Executive ( the Head of State and Head of Government is the same person) The Potential for Divided Government
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Presidential Systems Direct Election of the Chief Executive Electoral college Fixed Terms for the Executive and Legislature Separation of Powers and Checks & Balances Impeachment Sole Executive ( the Head of State and Head of Government is the same person) The Potential for Divided Government

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Presidential system vs Parliamentary In presidential system: System of checks and balances Parliament can impeach the president President can veto legislative decisions and laws In Parliamentary form System of checks and balances Prime Minister can dissolve the parliament Parliament can express vote of no confidence
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Presidential system vs Parliamentary In presidential system: System of checks and balances Parliament can impeach the president President can veto legislative decisions and laws In Parliamentary form System of checks and balances Prime Minister can dissolve the parliament Parliament can express vote of no confidence

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Presidential vs. parliamentary systems Legislative-Executive Terms and Removal from Office: Parliamentary – the chief executive’s term of office is directly linked with that of the legislature Presidential – the terms are not linked (in some countries, additional checks – not allowed to serve more than one or two terms)
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Presidential vs. parliamentary systems Legislative-Executive Terms and Removal from Office: Parliamentary – the chief executive’s term of office is directly linked with that of the legislature Presidential – the terms are not linked (in some countries, additional checks – not allowed to serve more than one or two terms)

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Presidential vs. parliamentary systems Hybrid – executive power is shared between a separately elected President and Prime Minister. (can be semi-Presidential and semi-Parliamentary…)
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Presidential vs. parliamentary systems Hybrid – executive power is shared between a separately elected President and Prime Minister. (can be semi-Presidential and semi-Parliamentary…)

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Government its types & branches. (Week 6), слайд №32
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Semi-presidentialism To quote Elgie (1999: 14), “constitutionally strong presidents are sometimes politically weak and constitutionally weak presidents are sometimes politically strong
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Semi-presidentialism To quote Elgie (1999: 14), “constitutionally strong presidents are sometimes politically weak and constitutionally weak presidents are sometimes politically strong

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Semi-presidentialism According to Elgie (1999: 13) “semi-presidential regime may be defined as the situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament” This has become widely acknowledged as the standard definition of semi-presidentialism, utilized by basically all recent studies (Schleiter and Morgan-Jones 2009: 875)
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Semi-presidentialism According to Elgie (1999: 13) “semi-presidential regime may be defined as the situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament” This has become widely acknowledged as the standard definition of semi-presidentialism, utilized by basically all recent studies (Schleiter and Morgan-Jones 2009: 875)

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Semipresidential Systems Advantages of Semipresidential Systems Providing cover for the president The ability to remove unpopular prime ministers with the stability of fixed terms Additional checks and balances Disadvantages of Semipresidential Systems Confusion about accountability Confusion and inefficiency in the legislative process
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Semipresidential Systems Advantages of Semipresidential Systems Providing cover for the president The ability to remove unpopular prime ministers with the stability of fixed terms Additional checks and balances Disadvantages of Semipresidential Systems Confusion about accountability Confusion and inefficiency in the legislative process

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Semi-presidentialism “executive power to preside over cabinet meetings and to direct national policy, is shared between these two executives. Problematically, such power sharing precludes a clear division or clear separation of powers, often leading to constitutional ambiguity. As a consequence, in times of disagreement between the president and the prime minister, it is often not quite clear from the constitution which executive has final decision authority.” (Skach 2007: 96-97)
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Semi-presidentialism “executive power to preside over cabinet meetings and to direct national policy, is shared between these two executives. Problematically, such power sharing precludes a clear division or clear separation of powers, often leading to constitutional ambiguity. As a consequence, in times of disagreement between the president and the prime minister, it is often not quite clear from the constitution which executive has final decision authority.” (Skach 2007: 96-97)

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Countries with semi-presidential system lgeria (1989), Armenia (1995), Austria (1945), Azerbaijan (1995) Belarus (1996), Bulgaria (1991), Burkina Faso (1991) Cameroon (1991), Cape Verde (1990), Chad (1996), Croatia (1991), Czech Republic (2012) Dem. Rep. Congo (2006) Egypt (2013) Finland (1919), France (1962) Gabon (1991), Georgia (2004) Haiti (1987) Iceland (1944), Ireland (1937) Kazakhstan (1993), Kyrgyzstan (1993) Lithuania (1992)
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Countries with semi-presidential system lgeria (1989), Armenia (1995), Austria (1945), Azerbaijan (1995) Belarus (1996), Bulgaria (1991), Burkina Faso (1991) Cameroon (1991), Cape Verde (1990), Chad (1996), Croatia (1991), Czech Republic (2012) Dem. Rep. Congo (2006) Egypt (2013) Finland (1919), France (1962) Gabon (1991), Georgia (2004) Haiti (1987) Iceland (1944), Ireland (1937) Kazakhstan (1993), Kyrgyzstan (1993) Lithuania (1992)

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Semi-presidential system Perhaps not very surprisingly, this literature indicates that the likelihood of conflict between the president and the government (or the PM) increases when they represent different parties In France such occurrences are referred to as cohabitation, whereas elsewhere it is about divided government (Fiorina 1996), defined in semi-presidential regimes by Elgie (2001b: 12) as situations where ”a party (or parties) opposed to the president has (have) a majority in the key house, leading to the appointment of a prime minister who is also opposed to the president.
Описание слайда:
Semi-presidential system Perhaps not very surprisingly, this literature indicates that the likelihood of conflict between the president and the government (or the PM) increases when they represent different parties In France such occurrences are referred to as cohabitation, whereas elsewhere it is about divided government (Fiorina 1996), defined in semi-presidential regimes by Elgie (2001b: 12) as situations where ”a party (or parties) opposed to the president has (have) a majority in the key house, leading to the appointment of a prime minister who is also opposed to the president.

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Semi-presidential system During the period of divided government from 1997 to 2002 disputes between President Jacques Chirac and centre-left PM Lionel Jospin delayed major pieces of legislation, particularly in the area of judicial Reform. These conflicts facilitated the constitutional amendment of 2002, which shortened the presidential term from seven to five years in the hope that it would reduce the likelihood of cohabitation whilst keeping intact all of the president’s powers (Skach 2005: 113-117)
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Semi-presidential system During the period of divided government from 1997 to 2002 disputes between President Jacques Chirac and centre-left PM Lionel Jospin delayed major pieces of legislation, particularly in the area of judicial Reform. These conflicts facilitated the constitutional amendment of 2002, which shortened the presidential term from seven to five years in the hope that it would reduce the likelihood of cohabitation whilst keeping intact all of the president’s powers (Skach 2005: 113-117)

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Think and Discuss
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Think and Discuss

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Seminar: “Government” types - review: We already know some basic classifications of governments / political systems, depending on: I the territorial distribution of power between different levels of government (unitary vs. federal state) II the relationship between the executive and the legislature (a parliamentary vs. presidential systems) III whether a monarch is a head of state or somebody else (monarchy vs. republic) IV the extent of coercion/consent; limits placed on the legitimate authority of government a scale from liberal /democratic governments to totalitarian governments
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Seminar: “Government” types - review: We already know some basic classifications of governments / political systems, depending on: I the territorial distribution of power between different levels of government (unitary vs. federal state) II the relationship between the executive and the legislature (a parliamentary vs. presidential systems) III whether a monarch is a head of state or somebody else (monarchy vs. republic) IV the extent of coercion/consent; limits placed on the legitimate authority of government a scale from liberal /democratic governments to totalitarian governments

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Seminar: Government forms - review: Do not forget that… constitutional monarchy = a rather modern form of government (vs. absolutist monarchy); a single person, a monarch usually in a hereditary succession, reigns under the law a monarch reigns not rules; it is not exclusive with democratic & parliamentary systems vs. republic – republics usually have presidents, with much or less power
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Seminar: Government forms - review: Do not forget that… constitutional monarchy = a rather modern form of government (vs. absolutist monarchy); a single person, a monarch usually in a hereditary succession, reigns under the law a monarch reigns not rules; it is not exclusive with democratic & parliamentary systems vs. republic – republics usually have presidents, with much or less power

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Observe the diversity of forms of government worldwide (optional):
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Observe the diversity of forms of government worldwide (optional):

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