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Вы можете ознакомиться и скачать презентацию на тему Physics-based Racing AI. Доклад-сообщение содержит 44 слайдов. Презентации для любого класса можно скачать бесплатно. Если материал и наш сайт презентаций Mypresentation Вам понравились – поделитесь им с друзьями с помощью социальных кнопок и добавьте в закладки в своем браузере.

Слайды и текст этой презентации

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Physics-based Racing AI Paolo Maninetti (Milestone s.r.l)

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Overview Part 1 – Racing AI Tutorial Basics in Steering, Throttle & Brake managment Group behaviours (avoiding, overtakes) Part 2 – A method for optimizing AI performances Fairness in racing games Main alghoritm for an AI optimizator

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RACING AI TUTORIAL Part 1

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AI - Physics interface

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AI - Physics interface Physics as a black box (too much complexity to forecast exactly the results of an action) Physics changes during the project

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Racing Line

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Representation

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Representation

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Sampling the racing line

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Following the racing line

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Following the racing line

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Throttle and Brake managment

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Throttle and Brake managment Basic implementation: Speed < Speed Target ? Throttle = MAX Speed > Speed Target ? Brake = MAX Better implementation uses Throttle and Brake modulation (could model also driver characteristics, like aggressiveness or smoothness in driving)

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Recovery Mechanics Mechanics that detect a dangerous situation and apply an action to restore a safer situation AI that detect too much dritfing uses counter steer (car) AI that detect a big angle with the target uses a rear brake (bike) Drawback: loss of performances

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Avoiding

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Avoiding

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Overtake

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Overtake

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Overtake Adding component to steer (Steer = SteerToTarget + C) Fast reaction Can increase/decrease dynamically the component Harder to control distances and deviating speed Considering more vehicles Calculating the overall occlusion Finding the nearest free block

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Mistakes “Natural” errors Collisions Losing control in overtake/group situations Generated errors Steering, Throttle, Brake Falls (bike): low side, high side

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Car AI

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Bike AI

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A METHOD FOR OPTIMIZING AI PERFORMANCES Part 2

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Fairness in racing games Common trick is using simplified (or helped) physics for Ais Easier to obtain good performances (and tune) Easier managing group situations Visual effect not too realistic Difficult to maintain a fair situation with the player

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Fairness in racing games Using (almost) the same player physics Much better under a visual point of view (realism) AI can’t do something that player can’t so fairness is guaranteed Much more difficult to obtain good performances More difficult also managing group situations Need a better method than simple speed precalculation

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Speed precalculation

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Speed precalculation

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Speed precalculation You can tweak the precalculation affecting the grip and deceleration values the alghoritm consider (not the real grip and brakes) Solution would never be optimal (improve in some points but exit from the track in others, or stay into the track but still too slow in some sectors)

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Dividing into sectors

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Iterative method Detect sectors in an automatic way Start when inverse radius != 0, end when inverse radius returns 0 Make the AI drive (graphics disabled) Act on grip and deceleration modifier Define a step Increase grip modifier for higher speeds Increase deceleration modifier for more aggressive approach

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Iterative method Increment modifiers as soon as lap time decrease One lap could not be sufficient (starting conditions). Up to 5 laps for evaluation. Pass to an other sector when lap time does not decrease any more First pass on grip modifiers, second pass on decelerations More iteractions could help (restart the process)

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Extra conditions Considering only lap time is often not sufficient Need extra conditions to be satisfied Out of track check Distance from ideal line Others (skid, wobble, wheelie, …) Invalidate single lap or the entire trial when a condition is not satisfied

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Resulting Data Stored as a track asset For each sector: start sector info, end sector info, grip modifier, deceleration modifier Speeds are calculated at initialization time taking in account generated modifiers Flexibility in case of ideal line or grip changes

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Not optimized lap

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Grip modifiers BestTime = 128.11 Grip Modifier 0 = 1.00 BestTime = 127.76 BestTime = 127.45 BestTime = 127.21 BestTime = 127.10 Grip Modifier 1 = 1.40 BestTime = 126.93 BestTime = 126.80 BestTime = 126.70 BestTime = 126.63 Grip Modifier 2 = 1.40 ...

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Deceleration modifiers BestTime = 114.59 Dec Modifier 0 = 1.00 BestTime = 114.51 BestTime = 114.38 BestTime = 114.28 BestTime = 114.23 BestTime = 114.19 Dec Modifier 1 = 1.50 BestTime = 114.18 Dec Modifier 2 = 1.10 Dec Modifier 3 = 1.00 Dec Modifier 4 = 1.00 ...

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Optimized lap (no extra conditions)

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Adding extra conditions Example No out of track Ideal line distance < 3 meters (CM of vehicle)

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Optimized lap (with extra conditions)

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Advantages Simple implementation Editable results Speeds are still proportional to the radius Can tweak by affecting the (real) grip (but not too much)