🗊Презентация The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology

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The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №1The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №2The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №3The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №4The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №5The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №6The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №7The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №8The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №9The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №10The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №11The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №12The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №13The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №14The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №15The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №16The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №17The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №18The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №19The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №20The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №21The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №22The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №23The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №24The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №25The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №26The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №27The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №28The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №29The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №30The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №31The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №32The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №33The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №34The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №35The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №36The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №37The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №38The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №39The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №40The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №41The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №42The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №43
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Слайд 1


The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology. Lecture 1.
Описание слайда:
The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology. Lecture 1.

Слайд 2


Principal Features of Germanic Languages The First consonant shift (Grimm’s Law). Verner’s Law Periods in the History of English OE Heptarchy. OE dialects OE Vocalism OE Consonant System
Описание слайда:
Principal Features of Germanic Languages The First consonant shift (Grimm’s Law). Verner’s Law Periods in the History of English OE Heptarchy. OE dialects OE Vocalism OE Consonant System

Слайд 3


Principal Features of Germanic Languages Principal Features of Germanic Languages English belongs to: The Indo-European family of languages; The Germanic branch. West Germanic group
Описание слайда:
Principal Features of Germanic Languages Principal Features of Germanic Languages English belongs to: The Indo-European family of languages; The Germanic branch. West Germanic group

Слайд 4


Proto-Indo-European (PIE) Proto-Indo-European (PIE) - some single language, which must have been spoken thousands of years ago by some comparatively small body of people in a relatively restricted geographical area
Описание слайда:
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) Proto-Indo-European (PIE) - some single language, which must have been spoken thousands of years ago by some comparatively small body of people in a relatively restricted geographical area

Слайд 5


Proto-Germanic (PG) Proto-Germanic (PG) - a dialect of Indo-European all Germanic languages are descended from; We have no records of the PG language. We can reconstruct it (Gothic).
Описание слайда:
Proto-Germanic (PG) Proto-Germanic (PG) - a dialect of Indo-European all Germanic languages are descended from; We have no records of the PG language. We can reconstruct it (Gothic).

Слайд 6


Proto-Germanic (PG) PG is a highly inflected language; the word stress was put on the 1st syllable (fixed accent); PIE verb “bheronom” – PG beranan – OE beran – ME beren, bere – ME bear
Описание слайда:
Proto-Germanic (PG) PG is a highly inflected language; the word stress was put on the 1st syllable (fixed accent); PIE verb “bheronom” – PG beranan – OE beran – ME beren, bere – ME bear

Слайд 7


2. The First consonant shift. Grimm’s Law “the 1st sound-shifting”; after the early 19th c. philologist Jakob Grimm, who analysed it.
Описание слайда:
2. The First consonant shift. Grimm’s Law “the 1st sound-shifting”; after the early 19th c. philologist Jakob Grimm, who analysed it.

Слайд 8


2. The First consonant shift. Grimm’s Law In PIE there was a rich array of stop consonants; This system underwent great changes in PG; It consists of 3 major consonant changes.
Описание слайда:
2. The First consonant shift. Grimm’s Law In PIE there was a rich array of stop consonants; This system underwent great changes in PG; It consists of 3 major consonant changes.

Слайд 9


PIE aspirated voiced stops > Gmc voiced stops Bh > b Sans. bharami – ModE bear Dh > d Sans. rudhiras – ModE red Gh > g Gr. chen – Ger Gans
Описание слайда:
PIE aspirated voiced stops > Gmc voiced stops Bh > b Sans. bharami – ModE bear Dh > d Sans. rudhiras – ModE red Gh > g Gr. chen – Ger Gans

Слайд 10


PIE voiceless stops > Gmc voiceless fricatives P > f L. pater – ModE father T > th L. dentis – ModE tooth K > h L. cornu – ModE horn
Описание слайда:
PIE voiceless stops > Gmc voiceless fricatives P > f L. pater – ModE father T > th L. dentis – ModE tooth K > h L. cornu – ModE horn

Слайд 11


PIE voiced stops > Gmc voiceless stops b > p L. turba – ModE thorp d > t L. dens – ModE tooth g > k L. ager – ModE acre
Описание слайда:
PIE voiced stops > Gmc voiceless stops b > p L. turba – ModE thorp d > t L. dens – ModE tooth g > k L. ager – ModE acre

Слайд 12


Verner’s Law. The Second Consonant Shift (1875) Certain apparent exceptions to Grimm’s Law were subsequently explained by Karl Verner (a Danish scholar) and others.
Описание слайда:
Verner’s Law. The Second Consonant Shift (1875) Certain apparent exceptions to Grimm’s Law were subsequently explained by Karl Verner (a Danish scholar) and others.

Слайд 13


Verner’s Law. Karl Verner showed that voiceless fricatives became voiced if the preceding syllable was unstressed, but otherwise remained unchanged. Latin centum - English hundred.
Описание слайда:
Verner’s Law. Karl Verner showed that voiceless fricatives became voiced if the preceding syllable was unstressed, but otherwise remained unchanged. Latin centum - English hundred.

Слайд 14


Verner’s Law. PIE f > Gmc v PIE th > Gmc d Lat pater – Gth fadar PIE k > Gmc g PIE s > Gmc z > r in North and West Germanic) = rotacizm Gth. raisjan – OE ræran
Описание слайда:
Verner’s Law. PIE f > Gmc v PIE th > Gmc d Lat pater – Gth fadar PIE k > Gmc g PIE s > Gmc z > r in North and West Germanic) = rotacizm Gth. raisjan – OE ræran

Слайд 15


3. Periods in the History of English Traditionally, the history of the English language is divided into 3 major periods. This division was first proposed by an English philologist, Henry Sweet, in 1873.
Описание слайда:
3. Periods in the History of English Traditionally, the history of the English language is divided into 3 major periods. This division was first proposed by an English philologist, Henry Sweet, in 1873.

Слайд 16


Periods in the History of English Old English (Anglo-Saxon) (5 c.-1066) = the period of full inflexions; Middle English (1066 – 1485) = of levelled inflexions; Modern English (1485 - ...) = of lost inflexions.
Описание слайда:
Periods in the History of English Old English (Anglo-Saxon) (5 c.-1066) = the period of full inflexions; Middle English (1066 – 1485) = of levelled inflexions; Modern English (1485 - ...) = of lost inflexions.

Слайд 17


4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects The earliest inhabitants of the British Isles, were Celtic speakers. The Celts had been living in England until being invaded by the Romans in 43 CE. and Latin never overtook the Celtic language.
Описание слайда:
4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects The earliest inhabitants of the British Isles, were Celtic speakers. The Celts had been living in England until being invaded by the Romans in 43 CE. and Latin never overtook the Celtic language.

Слайд 18


4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects About the year 449 AD began the invasion of Britain by certain Germanic tribes, the founders of the English nation: Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Frisians
Описание слайда:
4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects About the year 449 AD began the invasion of Britain by certain Germanic tribes, the founders of the English nation: Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Frisians

Слайд 19


The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №19
Описание слайда:

Слайд 20


4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects By 700, the Anglo-Saxons had occupied most of England and a considerable part of southern Scotland (but for Cornwall and Wales). The language of Anglo-Saxons became the dominant one.
Описание слайда:
4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects By 700, the Anglo-Saxons had occupied most of England and a considerable part of southern Scotland (but for Cornwall and Wales). The language of Anglo-Saxons became the dominant one.

Слайд 21


4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects In the 7th c. Germanic tribes set up seven kingdoms called the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy, rule of the seven kingdoms .
Описание слайда:
4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects In the 7th c. Germanic tribes set up seven kingdoms called the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy, rule of the seven kingdoms .

Слайд 22


Kent Kent Northumbria Mercia (West Midlands) Wessex (central Southern England) East Anglia Essex Sussex
Описание слайда:
Kent Kent Northumbria Mercia (West Midlands) Wessex (central Southern England) East Anglia Essex Sussex

Слайд 23


4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects The surviving texts form the OE period are in 4 main dialects: West saxon! (the literary standard) Kentish Mercia Anglian Northumbria
Описание слайда:
4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects The surviving texts form the OE period are in 4 main dialects: West saxon! (the literary standard) Kentish Mercia Anglian Northumbria

Слайд 24


The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №24
Описание слайда:

Слайд 25


4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects Although West Saxon became the literary standard of unified England, it is not the direct ancestor of modern standard English, which is mainly derived from an Anglian dialect
Описание слайда:
4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects Although West Saxon became the literary standard of unified England, it is not the direct ancestor of modern standard English, which is mainly derived from an Anglian dialect

Слайд 26


4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects The conversion of the English to Christianity began in 597 with St Augustine, and took a century to complete; With Christianity came writing.
Описание слайда:
4. OE Heptarchy. OE dialects The conversion of the English to Christianity began in 597 with St Augustine, and took a century to complete; With Christianity came writing.

Слайд 27


5. OE Vocalism All living languages undergo changes. What causes such changes?
Описание слайда:
5. OE Vocalism All living languages undergo changes. What causes such changes?

Слайд 28


Alterations: Qualitative // quantitative; Dependent // independent
Описание слайда:
Alterations: Qualitative // quantitative; Dependent // independent

Слайд 29


Anglo-Frisian Brightening (or First Fronting). The Anglo-Frisian languages underwent a sound change in their development from Proto-Germanic by which the vowel ā was fronted to ǣ, unless followed by a nasal consonant (n, m). Cf. OE mann and OE dæġ
Описание слайда:
Anglo-Frisian Brightening (or First Fronting). The Anglo-Frisian languages underwent a sound change in their development from Proto-Germanic by which the vowel ā was fronted to ǣ, unless followed by a nasal consonant (n, m). Cf. OE mann and OE dæġ

Слайд 30


Restoration of a or Retraction Later in Old English, short /æ/ (and in some dialects long /æː/ as well), was backed to /ɑ/ when there was a back vowel in the following syllable.
Описание слайда:
Restoration of a or Retraction Later in Old English, short /æ/ (and in some dialects long /æː/ as well), was backed to /ɑ/ when there was a back vowel in the following syllable.

Слайд 31


Restoration of a or Retraction Nominative dæġ dagas Accusative dæġ dæġ Genitive dæġes daga Dative dæġe dagum For further references see pg. 76 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.)
Описание слайда:
Restoration of a or Retraction Nominative dæġ dagas Accusative dæġ dæġ Genitive dæġes daga Dative dæġe dagum For further references see pg. 76 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.)

Слайд 32


OE Breaking or fracture it is diphthongization of short vowels before certain consonant clusters (before r, l, h + consonant and before h final). It is vowels a and e that underwent fracture.
Описание слайда:
OE Breaking or fracture it is diphthongization of short vowels before certain consonant clusters (before r, l, h + consonant and before h final). It is vowels a and e that underwent fracture.

Слайд 33


OE Breaking or fracture Gth. kalds – WS ceald Breaking produced a new set of vowels in OE = /ea/ and /eo/.
Описание слайда:
OE Breaking or fracture Gth. kalds – WS ceald Breaking produced a new set of vowels in OE = /ea/ and /eo/.

Слайд 34


OE Breaking or fracture For further references see pg. 78-80 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.
Описание слайда:
OE Breaking or fracture For further references see pg. 78-80 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.

Слайд 35


Palatal diphthongization OE vowels also change under the influence of the initial palatal consonants ʒ [j], c [k’] and cluster sc [sc’]. As a result of palatalization the vowel [e] and [æ] are diphthongized. E.g.: OE scÆmu > OE sceamu ‘shame’
Описание слайда:
Palatal diphthongization OE vowels also change under the influence of the initial palatal consonants ʒ [j], c [k’] and cluster sc [sc’]. As a result of palatalization the vowel [e] and [æ] are diphthongized. E.g.: OE scÆmu > OE sceamu ‘shame’

Слайд 36


Palatal diphthongization For further references see pg. 78-80 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.)
Описание слайда:
Palatal diphthongization For further references see pg. 78-80 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.)

Слайд 37


Front mutation or i-umlaut It was a series of changes to vowels which took place when there was an i, ī or j in the following syllable. Subsequently, the i, ī or j disappeared, or changed to e.
Описание слайда:
Front mutation or i-umlaut It was a series of changes to vowels which took place when there was an i, ī or j in the following syllable. Subsequently, the i, ī or j disappeared, or changed to e.

Слайд 38


The Germanic Languages. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Phonology, слайд №38
Описание слайда:

Слайд 39


Front mutation or i-umlaut Front mutation made considerable changes in the pronunciation of English. Examples of i-umlaut in Mod English: food and feed, goose and geese, tooth and teeth, blood and bleed, man and men.
Описание слайда:
Front mutation or i-umlaut Front mutation made considerable changes in the pronunciation of English. Examples of i-umlaut in Mod English: food and feed, goose and geese, tooth and teeth, blood and bleed, man and men.

Слайд 40


Front mutation or i-umlaut i-umlaut led to the appearance of new vowels: [y] and [y:] arose from palatal mutation; Diphthongs [ie] and [ie:]
Описание слайда:
Front mutation or i-umlaut i-umlaut led to the appearance of new vowels: [y] and [y:] arose from palatal mutation; Diphthongs [ie] and [ie:]

Слайд 41


Front mutation or i-umlaut For further references see pg. 80-82 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.)
Описание слайда:
Front mutation or i-umlaut For further references see pg. 80-82 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.)

Слайд 42


Velar umlaut For further references see pg. 82 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.
Описание слайда:
Velar umlaut For further references see pg. 82 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.

Слайд 43


6. OE Consonant System For further references see pg. 85-90 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.
Описание слайда:
6. OE Consonant System For further references see pg. 85-90 // Rastorguyeva T. A. A History of English. - M.: Vysšaja Škola, 2003. - 347 p.

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