🗊Презентация The split of Sudan. The role of the oil extraction and transit

The split of Sudan The role of the oil extraction and transit By Evgeny Kozyrenko, Pryymak Gleb, Kristina Smolkova, Egor Khursevich

Plan: 1. The development of the conflict between the North and South of the Sudan problems in relations between the northern and southern regions of the Sudan; armed conflicts in the Sudan 2. The role of the mineral resource base and the transit of oil in the Sudan the relationship between the North and the South; Stabilizing and destabilizing factors 3. The impact of external forces on armed conflict and the peace process Sudan in the sphere of interests of the great world powers (USA, China, Europe, Russia): UN and armed conflict in the Sudan. 4. The fragile peace, the new situation in Sudan. The growth of international attention

The Republic of Sudan Capital: Khartoum Language: Arabic, English Religion: Islam Population: app. 40 million GDP (PPP): $186.715 billion Currency: South Sudanese pound The Republic of South Sudan Capital: Juba Language: Arabic, English + 60 recognized national languages Religion: Islam, Christianity Population: app. 12 million GDP (PPP): $20.038 billion Currency: Sudanese pound

History

c.a. 2000-1500 BC - Emergence of the Nubian Kingdom of Kush in what is now northern Sudan and Lower Nubia, which stretches to Egypt's Aswan province. c.a. 2000-1500 BC - Emergence of the Nubian Kingdom of Kush in what is now northern Sudan and Lower Nubia, which stretches to Egypt's Aswan province. 651 - Islam spreads in Sudan from Egypt. 1820-21 - Ottoman Empire conquers northern part of the country. 1899-1955 - Sudan is under joint British-Egyptian rule. 1956 - Sudan becomes independent from Britain 1983 - President Numeiri introduces Sharia Islamic law. 2003 - Start of conflict in Darfur region. (interethnic conflict) 2009 - International Criminal Court issues an arrest warrant for President Omar Bashir on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity relating to the drawn-out conflict in Darfur. 2011 - South Sudan gains independence with the central government in Khartoum. An overwhelming majority of South Sudanese voted in a January 2011 referendum to secede  2013 –present – Civil War

Conflict

Until 1946 British government in a collaboration with Egyptian government administrated South and North Sudan as a separate regions . In 1956 Sudan becomes independent from Great Britain. Until 1946 British government in a collaboration with Egyptian government administrated South and North Sudan as a separate regions . In 1956 Sudan becomes independent from Great Britain. Sudan never was a stable country . The problems are: Sudan are inhabited by representatives of different nationalities - Africans and Arab tribes; geoeconomic features (access to Red Sea, pipelines, natural recourses); religious tensions; interest of other countries . Since independence in 1956 in Sudan were already two civil wars in 1955-1972 and 1983-2005. As the result of the last war, there was a split of Sudan. Conflict still continue…

The two states are very different geographically. The great divide is visible even from space. The northern states are a blanket of desert, broken only by the fertile Nile corridor. South Sudan is covered by green swathes of grassland, swamps and tropical forest.

Economy and Oil

Both states are reliant on oil revenue. They cannot agree with how to share the oil wealth of the former united state. About 75% of oil falls to the South, but all pipelines go to the north. Naivasha Agreement (2005) - oil revenues were to be split equally for the duration of the agreement period No new and clear agreement yet, still discussing the South is believed not to have received its fair share of revenues and relations between the North and the South deteriorated after South Sudan’s independence in 2011. South Sudan has stated that "North" had overstated the prices on transit and asked for the international arbitration. If the oil stops flowing, the southern economy and , probably, state would collapse (98% of income). But the North also has agriculture ( up to 80% of income)

The impact of external forces on armed conflict and the peace process

What is to be done?

Impact of the recent conflict Homeless and displaced people Ethnic tensions between the Dinka and Nuer tribes Instability and conflict over ownership of oil and other important resources slows production South Sudan currently has an ambiguous national identity, unified by name and flag only Agricultural production slows and yields become less profitable Instability in government and the security forces, and a lack of security over ownership a failure to attract potential investors

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