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The structure of verse

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STANZA (or strophe) – two or more verse lines combined.

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STANZAS TYPICAL FOR ENGLISH POETRY:

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THE BALLAD STANZA mostly iambus, dactylic and anapestic feet are also possible four lines: the 1st and the 3rd have four feet each (tetrameter) the 2nd and the 4th have three feet each (trimeter) only the 2nd and the 4th lines rhyme sometimes poets may use internal rhyme in the 1st and 3rd lines abcb

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THE BALLAD STANZA In mist or cloud, on mast or shroud, It perched for vespers nine; Whiles all the night, through fog-smoke white, Glimmered the white Moon-shine. Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, lines 75 – 78

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THE HEROIC COUPLET one of the oldest forms was mostly employed in elevated genres iambic pentameter two lines aa, bb, cc, etc.

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THE HEROIC COUPLET Whan that Aprille with his shoures soote The droghte of March hath perced to the roote, And bathed every veyne in swich licour Of which vertu engendred is the flour. Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales

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THE SPENSERIAN STANZA introduced by Edmund Spenser in the 16th century nine lines: eight of them – iambic pentameter the 9th – iambic hexameter ababbcbcc

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THE SPENSERIAN STANZA Lo I the man, whose Muse whilome did maske, As time her taught, in lowly Shepheards weeds, Am now enforst a far unfitter taske, For trumpets sterne to chaunge mine Oaten reeds, And sing of Knights and Ladies gentle deeds; Whose prayses hauing slept in silence long, Me, all too meane, the sacred Muse areeds To blazon broad emongst her learned throng: Fierce warres and faithfull loues shall moralize my song. Spenser, Faerie Queene

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THE OTTAVA RIMA from Latin octo, Italian otto 'eight' came to England from Italy in the 16th century eight lines iambic pentameter ab ab ab cc

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THE OTTAVA RIMA In Seville was he born, a pleasant city, Famous for oranges and women – he Who has not seen it will be much to pity, So says the proverb – and I quite agree; Of all the Spanish towns is none more pretty, Cadiz, perhaps – but that you soon may see: – Don Juan's parents lived beside the river, A noble stream, and called the Guadalquivir. Lord Byron, Don Juan

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THE SONNET from Italian sonetto fourteen lines iambic pentameter rhyming must be strictly observed abba abba cdc ded Shakespearian sonnet: abab cdcd efef gg

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THE SONNET My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun; Coral is far more red than her lips' red; If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun; If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head. I have seen roses damask'd, red and white, But no such roses see I in her cheeks; And in some perfumes is there more delight Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks. I love to hear her speak, yet well I know That music hath a far more pleasing sound; I grant I never saw a goddess go; My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground: And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare As any she belied with false compare. Shakespeare, Sonnet 130

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FREE VERSE no set rhythm no set rhyme pattern lines of irregular length must not be confused with blank verse (which does not rhyme, but does follow a regular rhythm)

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FREE VERSE After the Sea-Ship—after the whistling winds; After the white-gray sails, taut to their spars and ropes, Below, a myriad, myriad waves, hastening, lifting up their necks, Tending in ceaseless flow toward the track of the ship. Whitman, After the Sea-Ship