🗊Презентация Word meaning

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Word meaning, слайд №1Word meaning, слайд №2Word meaning, слайд №3Word meaning, слайд №4Word meaning, слайд №5Word meaning, слайд №6Word meaning, слайд №7Word meaning, слайд №8Word meaning, слайд №9Word meaning, слайд №10Word meaning, слайд №11Word meaning, слайд №12Word meaning, слайд №13Word meaning, слайд №14Word meaning, слайд №15Word meaning, слайд №16Word meaning, слайд №17
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Слайд 1


Lecture 2. Word meaning Word meaning is studied by the branch of lexicology called semasiology. Usually meaning is defined as the realization of a notion (or concept, in other terms) by means of a definite language system.
Описание слайда:
Lecture 2. Word meaning Word meaning is studied by the branch of lexicology called semasiology. Usually meaning is defined as the realization of a notion (or concept, in other terms) by means of a definite language system.

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The word: basic unit of lexicology The most important characteristics of the word: 1. The word is a unit of speech which serves the purposes of human communication. So the word can be defined as a unit of communication. 2. The word is the total of the sounds which compose it. 3. The word possesses both external and internal characteristics.
Описание слайда:
The word: basic unit of lexicology The most important characteristics of the word: 1. The word is a unit of speech which serves the purposes of human communication. So the word can be defined as a unit of communication. 2. The word is the total of the sounds which compose it. 3. The word possesses both external and internal characteristics.

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The word is a unit used for purposes of human communication, materially representing a group of sounds, possessing a meaning, characterised by formal and semantic unity and a capacity for grammatical employment. The word may be described as the basic unit of language. Uniting meaning and form, it is composed of one or more morphemes, each consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation.
Описание слайда:
The word is a unit used for purposes of human communication, materially representing a group of sounds, possessing a meaning, characterised by formal and semantic unity and a capacity for grammatical employment. The word may be described as the basic unit of language. Uniting meaning and form, it is composed of one or more morphemes, each consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation.

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Word meaning, слайд №4
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Types of meaning grammatical meaning (unites words into parts of speech) Ex.: goes, stops, works lexical meaning (individual for every word) Ex.: went, kissed, looked
Описание слайда:
Types of meaning grammatical meaning (unites words into parts of speech) Ex.: goes, stops, works lexical meaning (individual for every word) Ex.: went, kissed, looked

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Denotational and connotational meaning Denotational component expresses the notional content of the word, shows what the word refers to. Connotational component expresses additional meanings of the word which may be of different types: stylistic, evaluative (rational and emotional) and emotional, etc.
Описание слайда:
Denotational and connotational meaning Denotational component expresses the notional content of the word, shows what the word refers to. Connotational component expresses additional meanings of the word which may be of different types: stylistic, evaluative (rational and emotional) and emotional, etc.

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Types of connotational meaning Evaluative (rational and emotional) Ex.: brain Ex.: brock (“a scoundrel”) Cf. also: notorious – celebrated Emotional, or emotive connotation of the word is its capacity to evoke and express emotion (duckling, darling (diminutive emotive value). Stylistic connotation shows the stylistic status of a word: neutral, bookish, colloquial, slang, etc.
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Types of connotational meaning Evaluative (rational and emotional) Ex.: brain Ex.: brock (“a scoundrel”) Cf. also: notorious – celebrated Emotional, or emotive connotation of the word is its capacity to evoke and express emotion (duckling, darling (diminutive emotive value). Stylistic connotation shows the stylistic status of a word: neutral, bookish, colloquial, slang, etc.

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Componential Analysis consists in decomposition of the word meaning into semes – minimal components of meaning, or elementary units of sense. archisemes differential semes Ex.: girl, woman, spinster
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Componential Analysis consists in decomposition of the word meaning into semes – minimal components of meaning, or elementary units of sense. archisemes differential semes Ex.: girl, woman, spinster

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Motivation morhological (Ex.: leader, cranberry) phonetical (Ex.: splash, boom, chung, ching) semantic (Ex.: chain chain store, chain hotel, chain smoker) folk etymology asparagus sparrow grass полуклиника, спинжак
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Motivation morhological (Ex.: leader, cranberry) phonetical (Ex.: splash, boom, chung, ching) semantic (Ex.: chain chain store, chain hotel, chain smoker) folk etymology asparagus sparrow grass полуклиника, спинжак

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Polysemy Ex.: do, go, see, etc. lexico-semantical variants of the word (LSVs) Primary and secondary meanings in the semantic structure of the word Table “a piece of furniture” “a supply of food”, “an act of assembling to eat”, “a group of people assembled at a table”, etc. Meanings can also be direct and figurative, concrete and abstract, central and peripheral, general and special
Описание слайда:
Polysemy Ex.: do, go, see, etc. lexico-semantical variants of the word (LSVs) Primary and secondary meanings in the semantic structure of the word Table “a piece of furniture” “a supply of food”, “an act of assembling to eat”, “a group of people assembled at a table”, etc. Meanings can also be direct and figurative, concrete and abstract, central and peripheral, general and special

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Semantic changes. Causes: historical, or extralinguistic, and linguistic. villain («деревенский житель» → «негодяй» Tory «ирландский разбойник»→ «член партии Тори» lord «хранитель хлеба»→ «господин, владелец, etc.» Borrowing Ex.: “any animal”: Deer, beast (Fr.), animal (Lat.) Ellipsis Ex.: daily newspaper→daily Analogy catch “understand”, grasp ”understand”
Описание слайда:
Semantic changes. Causes: historical, or extralinguistic, and linguistic. villain («деревенский житель» → «негодяй» Tory «ирландский разбойник»→ «член партии Тори» lord «хранитель хлеба»→ «господин, владелец, etc.» Borrowing Ex.: “any animal”: Deer, beast (Fr.), animal (Lat.) Ellipsis Ex.: daily newspaper→daily Analogy catch “understand”, grasp ”understand”

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The nature of semantic change Association Transference: 1) based on similarity linguistic metaphor: neck (of a human being) → neck (of a bottle). 2) based on contiguity (real connection between the two objects). linguistic metonymy: hands (“limbs of a human body”) → hands (“a worker”).
Описание слайда:
The nature of semantic change Association Transference: 1) based on similarity linguistic metaphor: neck (of a human being) → neck (of a bottle). 2) based on contiguity (real connection between the two objects). linguistic metonymy: hands (“limbs of a human body”) → hands (“a worker”).

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Metaphors Based on similarity between two physical objects (concrete to concrete metaphores): teeth of a saw, leg of a table, a goose (of a silly woman). Zoosemy. concrete to abstract metaphors: a ray of hope, a shade of doubt . different types of similarity: similarity of shape (tongue of a bell), function (leg of a table), position (foot of a page), character of motion (snail (of a sluggish person)), dimensions (dumpling (of a short, chabby creature)), value (dirt cheap). proper names → common names: Appolo, Don Juan, Othello. Structural metaphors: Time is money.Argument is war
Описание слайда:
Metaphors Based on similarity between two physical objects (concrete to concrete metaphores): teeth of a saw, leg of a table, a goose (of a silly woman). Zoosemy. concrete to abstract metaphors: a ray of hope, a shade of doubt . different types of similarity: similarity of shape (tongue of a bell), function (leg of a table), position (foot of a page), character of motion (snail (of a sluggish person)), dimensions (dumpling (of a short, chabby creature)), value (dirt cheap). proper names → common names: Appolo, Don Juan, Othello. Structural metaphors: Time is money.Argument is war

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Metonymy 1) instrument → agent: pen (“writer”); 2) consequence → cause: grey hair (“old age”); 3) symbol →the thing symbolized (crown “monarchy”) 4) material → the thing made from it (silver “money”) 5) container → the thing contained (to drink a cup); 6) name of a place → institution (Whitehall); 7) action → the object of action (my love); 8) quality →the person possessing the quality (He is a talent).
Описание слайда:
Metonymy 1) instrument → agent: pen (“writer”); 2) consequence → cause: grey hair (“old age”); 3) symbol →the thing symbolized (crown “monarchy”) 4) material → the thing made from it (silver “money”) 5) container → the thing contained (to drink a cup); 6) name of a place → institution (Whitehall); 7) action → the object of action (my love); 8) quality →the person possessing the quality (He is a talent).

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Synechdoche is a variety of metonymy which consists in using the name of a part to denote the whole or vice versa: Hands are wanted; OE mete “food” →MnE meat “kind of food”.
Описание слайда:
Synechdoche is a variety of metonymy which consists in using the name of a part to denote the whole or vice versa: Hands are wanted; OE mete “food” →MnE meat “kind of food”.

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Semantic change may result in the change of the range of meaning. narrowing (specialization) of meaning. OE fugol (“any bird”) → domestic bird (fowl) widening (generalization) of meaning. girl “a child of either sex → “a female child”.
Описание слайда:
Semantic change may result in the change of the range of meaning. narrowing (specialization) of meaning. OE fugol (“any bird”) → domestic bird (fowl) widening (generalization) of meaning. girl “a child of either sex → “a female child”.

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The change of the connotational structure Degradation (pejoration) of meaning: the process when the object to which the word refers acquires negative characteristics, and the meaning develops a negative evaluative connotation. OE word cnafa (MnE knave) “a boy” → a “boy servant” → “a swindler, a scoundrel”. Elevation (amelioration): the development of a positive evaluative connotation. OE cwen (MnE queen) “woman” cniht (MnE knight) – “a young servant”
Описание слайда:
The change of the connotational structure Degradation (pejoration) of meaning: the process when the object to which the word refers acquires negative characteristics, and the meaning develops a negative evaluative connotation. OE word cnafa (MnE knave) “a boy” → a “boy servant” → “a swindler, a scoundrel”. Elevation (amelioration): the development of a positive evaluative connotation. OE cwen (MnE queen) “woman” cniht (MnE knight) – “a young servant”

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