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Teacher of dicepline: Altynbekova M.O. Prepared by: Asan Asel Group : JHM-611F Chemical potential. Chemical potential of an ideal gas

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G < 0 process is spontaneous G < 0 process is spontaneous G > 0 reverse process is spontaneous G = 0 no change is spontaneous: Equilibrium Le Châtelier’s principle gives us some understanding of how the equilibrium of a system changes when we perturb it. We are interested in how systems tend towards equilibrium and what obstacles keep them out of equilibrium. The free energy, or more correctly, the chemical potential is our measure of roughly how far we have to go to come to equilibrium. It is a potential energy of sorts.

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The chemical potential can be used to give quantitative meaning to Le Châtelier’s principle. The chemical potential can be used to give quantitative meaning to Le Châtelier’s principle. Chemical potential of component A, µA, is defined as the partial molar Gibbs free energy: This is the change in G with respect to a infinitesimal change in the amount of component A with all other parameters held constant. It is essentially the free energy increase (or decrease) associated with adding a little of A to the system.

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Consider a closed system of four components (A, B, C, and D) undergoing a reversible chemical reaction: Consider a closed system of four components (A, B, C, and D) undergoing a reversible chemical reaction: In a closed system, At constant T and P, At equilibrium:

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We found last time that: (T = constant) We found last time that: (T = constant) Defining the standard state: Then, and, so, In a mixture, the chemical potential of A can thus be expressed in terms of its partial pressure and its standard (pure) chemical potential:

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Na+(g) + Cl-(g) NaCl(s) Ionic -785 Na+(g) + Cl-(g) NaCl(s) Ionic -785 NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Ionic +ion-dipole +4 Ar(g) Ar(s) London (fluctuation dipole) -8 Acetone(g) Acetone(l) London-van der Waals -30 H3C H3C (permanent dipole) 2 O O H O Hydrogen bond -20 H H CH3 H H2NON H H OH2 H2NON Hydrogen bond (aq) -5 H2NONH2 H O(NH2)2 HOH (Urea (aq)) C3H6(l) + H2O(l) C3H6(aq) Hydrophobic -10 (TSWP p. 98)