🗊Презентация Парламентские выборы в Великобритании (1945)

[Парламентские выборы в Великобритании (1945)]

Парламентские выборы в Великобритании 1945 года — демократические выборы, состоявшиеся 5 июля 1945 года на основной части территории Великобритании. Это были первые парламентские выборы после 1935 года, что было вызвано ведением военных действий в Европе в ходе Второй мировой войны. Лейбористы во главе с Клементом Эттли одержали решительную победу с большим перевесом над своими главными конкурентами — консерваторами во главе с действующим премьер-министром Уинстоном Черчиллем. Парламентские выборы в Великобритании 1945 года — демократические выборы, состоявшиеся 5 июля 1945 года на основной части территории Великобритании. Это были первые парламентские выборы после 1935 года, что было вызвано ведением военных действий в Европе в ходе Второй мировой войны. Лейбористы во главе с Клементом Эттли одержали решительную победу с большим перевесом над своими главными конкурентами — консерваторами во главе с действующим премьер-министром Уинстоном Черчиллем.

Предвыборная кампания Лейбористы построили свою предвыборную кампанию вокруг вопросов о послевоенном восстановлении экономики, создании всеобщей занятости и организации национальной системы здравоохранения. Премьер-министр правительства национального единства, консерватор Уинстон Черчилль, надеялся на то, что его личная популярность, которую он приобрёл во время войны, принесёт победу консерваторам, так что практически не вёл предвыборную кампанию и вскоре уехал на Потсдамскую конференцию (после подсчёта голосов ему пришлось покинуть конференцию, а его место занял Клемент Эттли). Перед выборами Черчилль негативно отзывался о программе лейбористов, утверждая, что для выполнения их требований лейбористы создадут в Великобритании гестапо. Также на исход выборов повлияло недоверие избирателей к внутриполитической и экономической политике консерваторов, которую они проводили до войны.

The outcome of the 1945 election was more than a sensation. It was a political earthquake. – The outcome of the 1945 election was more than a sensation. It was a political earthquake. –

Let Us Face the Future: A Declaration of Labour Policy for the Consideration of the Nation VICTORY IN WAR MUST BE FOLLOWED BY A PROSPEROUS PEACE WHAT THE ELECTION WILL BE ABOUT JOBS FOR ALL INDUSTRY IN THE SERVICE OF THE NATION AGRICULTURE AND THE PEOPLE'S FOOD HOUSES AND THE BUILDING PROGRAMME THE LAND EDUCATION AND RECREATION HEALTH OF THE NATION AND ITS CHILDREN SOCIAL INSURANCE AGAINST THE RAINY DAY A WORLD OF PROGRESS AND PEACE LABOUR'S CALL TO ALL PROGRESSIVES

VICTORY IN WAR MUST BE FOLLOWED BY A PROSPEROUS PEACE The British Labour Party is firmly resolved that Japanese barbarism shall be defeated just as decisively as Nazi aggression and tyranny. The gallant men and women in the Fighting Services, in the Merchant Navy, Home Guard and Civil Defence, in the factories and in … Labour regards their welfare as a sacred trust. So the "hard-faced men who had done well out of the war" were able to get the kind of peace that suited themselves … when we say "peace" we mean not only the Treaty, but the social and economic policy which followed the fighting. Great economic blizzards swept the world in those years. The great inter-war slumps were not acts of God or of blind forces … result of the concentration of too much economic power in the hands of too few men. These men had only learned how to act in the interest of their own bureaucratically-run private monopolies which may be likened to totalitarian oligarchies within our democratic State. Just think back over the depressions of the 20 years between the wars, when there were precious few public controls of any kind and the Big Interests had things all their own way. The Labour Party stands for order as against the chaos which would follow the end of all public control. We stand for order, for positive constructive progress as against the chaos of economic do-as-they-please anarchy. The Labour Party makes no baseless promises. The future will not be easy. But this time the peace must be won. The Labour Party offers the nation a plan which will win the Peace for the People.

WHAT THE ELECTION WILL BE ABOUT Britain's coming Election will be the greatest test in our history of the judgement and common sense of our people. The nation wants food, work and homes. It wants more than that - it wants good food in plenty, useful work for all, and comfortable, labour - saving homes that take full advantage of the resources of modern science and productive industry. It wants a high and rising standard of living, security for all against a rainy day, an educational system that will give every boy and girl a chance to develop the best that is in them. It calls for hard work, energy and sound sense. We must prevent another war, and that means we must have such an international organisation … But Britain can only play her full part in such an international plan if … begins at home. The Labour Party stands for freedom - for freedom of worship, freedom of speech, freedom of the Press … But there are certain so-called freedoms that Labour will not tolerate: freedom to exploit other people; freedom to pay poor wages and to push up prices for selfish profit; freedom to deprive the people of the means of living full, happy, healthy lives. The nation needs a tremendous overhaul, a great programme of modernisation and re-equipment of its homes, its factories and machinery, its schools, its social services. All parties say so - the Labour Party means it … the Labour Party will put the community first and the sectional interests of private business after.

JOBS FOR ALL Our opponents would be ready to use State action to do the best they can to bolster up private industry ... But if the slumps in uncontrolled private industry are too severe to be balanced by public action - as they will certainly prove to be - our opponents are not ready to draw the conclusion that the sphere of public action must be extended. They say, "Full employment. Yes! If we can get it without interfering too much with private industry.“ We say, "Full employment in any case, and if we need to keep 8 firm public hand on industry in order to get jobs for all, very well. No more dole queues, in order to let the Czars of Big Business remain kings in their own castles. The price of so-called 'economic freedom' for the few is too high if it is bought at the cost of idleness and misery for millions." What will the Labour Party do? First, the whole of the national resources, in land, material and labour must be fully employed Secondly, a high and constant purchasing power can be maintained through good wages, social services and insurance, and taxation which bears less heavily on the lower income groups. Thirdly, planned investment in essential industries and on houses, schools, hospitals and civic centres will occupy a large field of capital expenditure. Fourthly, the Bank of England with its financial powers must be brought under public ownership, and the operations of the other banks harmonised with industrial needs.

INDUSTRY IN THE SERVICE OF THE NATION Today we live alongside economic giants - countries where science and technology take leaping strides year by year. Britain must match those strides - and we must take no chances about it. Britain needs an industry organised to enable it to yield the best that human knowledge and skill can provide. Only so can our people reap the full benefits of this age of discovery and Britain keep her place as a Great Power. Each industry must have applied to it the test of national service. If it serves the nation, well and good; if it is inefficient and falls down on its job, the nation must see that things are put right. The Labour Party is a Socialist Party, and proud of it. Its ultimate purpose at home is the establishment of the Socialist Commonwealth of Great Britain - free, democratic, efficient, progressive, public-spirited, its material resources organised in the service of the British people. But Socialism cannot come overnight, as the product of a week-end revolution. The members of the Labour Party, like the British people, are practical-minded men and women. In the light of these considerations, the Labour Party submits to the nation the following industrial programme: 1) Public ownership of the fuel and power industries. 2) Public ownership of inland transport. 3) Public ownership of iron and steel. 4) Public supervision of monopolies and cartels with the aim of advancing … 5) A firm and clear-cut programme for the export trade. 6) The shaping of suitable economic and price controls … 7) The better organisation of Government departments and the Civil Service …

AGRICULTURE AND THE PEOPLE'S FOOD Our agriculture should be planned to give us the food we can best produce at home, and large enough to give us as much of those foods as possible. In war time the County War Executive Committees have organised production in that way. Our good farm lands are part of the wealth of the nation and that wealth should not be wasted. The land must be farmed, not starved. The Ministry of Food has done fine work for the housewife in war.

HOUSES AND THE BUILDING PROGRAMME … a full programme of land planning … efficient building industry … nor impose bad conditions and heavy unemployment on its workpeople. There must be a due balance between the housing programme, the building of schools and the urgent requirements of factory modernisation … … good town planning - pleasant surroundings, attractive lay-out, efficient utility services, including the necessary transport facilities. There should be a Ministry of Housing and Planning combining the housing powers of the Ministry of Health with the planning powers of the Ministry of Town and Country Planning …

THE LAND In the interests of agriculture, housing and town and country planning alike, we declare for a radical solution for the crippling problems of land acquisition and use in the service of the national plan. Labour believes in land nationalisation and will work towards it … … acquire land for public purposes wherever the public interest so requires.

EDUCATION AND RECREATION Labour will put that Act not merely into legal force but into practical effect, including the raising of the school leaving age to 16 at the earliest possible moment, "further" or adult education, and free secondary education for all. … individual citizens capable of thinking for themselves. … concert halls, modern libraries, theatres and suitable civic centres … great heritage of culture in this nation.

HEALTH OF THE NATION AND ITS CHILDREN By good food and good homes, much avoidable ill-health can be prevented. In addition the best health services should be available free for all. Money must no longer be the passport to the best treatment. Labour will work specially for the care of Britain's mothers and their children …

SOCIAL INSURANCE AGAINST THE RAINY DAY … proper social security for all - social provision against rainy days … Labour led the fight against the mean and shabby treatment which was the lot of millions while Conservative Governments were in power over long years. But great national programmes of education, health and social services are costly things. Only an efficient and prosperous nation can afford them in full measure. There is no good reason why Britain should not afford such programmes, but she will need full employment and the highest possible industrial efficiency in order to do so.

A WORLD OF PROGRESS AND PEACE No domestic policy … Economic strife and political and military insecurity are enemies of peace. We cannot cut ourselves off from the rest of the world - and we ought not to try. We must consolidate in peace the great war-time association of the British Commonwealth with the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R. Let it not be forgotten that in the years leading up to the war the Tories were so scared of Russia that they missed the chance to establish a partnership which might well have prevented the war. We must join with France and China and all others who have contributed to the common victory in forming an International Organisation … An internationally protected peace should make possible a known expenditure on armaments as our contribution to the protection of peace … The economic well-being of each nation largely depends on world-wide prosperity. We should build a new United Nations, allies in a new war on hunger, ignorance and want. … the Labour Party will seek to promote mutual understanding and cordial co-operation between the Dominions of the British Commonwealth, the advancement of India to responsible self-government, and the planned progress of our Colonial Dependencies.

LABOUR'S CALL TO ALL PROGRESSIVES … But by and large Britain is a country of two parties. … the effective choice of the people in this Election will be between the Conservative Party, standing for the protection of the rights of private economic interest, and the Labour Party, allied with the great Trade Union and co-operative movements, standing for the wise organisation and use of the economic assets of the nation for the public good. The election will produce a Labour Government, a Conservative Government, or no clear majority for either party: this last might well mean parliamentary instability and confusion, or another Election. We respect the views of those progressive Liberals and others who would wish to support one or other of the smaller parties of their choice. But by so doing they may help the Conservatives … In the interests of the nation and of the world, we earnestly urge all progressives to see to it - as they certainly can - that the next Government is not a Conservative Government but a Labour Government which will act on the principles of policy set out in the present Declaration.