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Android Platform Basics and Application Development

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Platform Architecture Platform Architecture Applications development overview Main concepts and components Framework review New features of Android platform

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Platform Architecture

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Architecture Linux kernel Native libraries Runtime environment Application framework Applications

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System Architecture

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Linux Kernel 2.6/3.4 Open source Improved memory manager Own process and threads management Proven driver model Loadable modules support

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Native Libraries Bionic (Libc) Function libraries Native servers Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)

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Hardware Abstraction Layer User space C/C++ library layer Defines the interface that Android hardware “drivers” have to implement Not all components have standardized kernel driver interfaces Separates the logic of Android platform and the hardware interface Kernel drivers are GPL which exposes any proprietary IP Android has specific requirements for hardware drivers

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Android Runtime Android has own implementation of VM (Dalvik) Provides application portability and runtime consistency Runs ARM-optimized byte code (Dalvik EXecutable, .dex) Java .class/.jar files are transformed to .dex at build time Supports multiple virtual machine processes per device Efficiency use memory at runtime

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Core Libraries Core API of Java5 provides a powerful, simple and familiar development platform Data structures (java.net) File access (java.io) Network access (java.net) Utilities (java.util)

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Application Framework Core platform functionality Activity Manager, Package Manager, Window Manager, Resource Manager Content Providers View System Hardware services Telephony, Location, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, USB, Sensor

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Applications The Android platform has a variety of Java applications Home - displays applications shortcuts, widgets, supports custom wall paper. Phone - supports regular telephony functions. Web Browser - WebKit-based browser that supports HTML, XHTML, CSS and JavaScript. Email - provides access to email servers via POP3, IMAP4, and SMTP. Media Player - enables managing, importing, and playback of media content. Alarm Clock, Calculator, Calendar, Camera, Contacts, IM, MMS, Settings, Voice Dialer, and others.

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Applications development overview

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Applications Environment Eclipse and Ant Projects Project Structure JIT. Basic information Debugging (Eclipse Memory Analyzer)

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Environment JDK5 or JDK6 Android SDK Eclipse IDE 3.4 or higher Android development tools (ADT) as Eclipse plug-in Apache Ant Detailed setup introduction:

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Installing procedure Get and install JDK5/6 Get and install the ADT bundle (Eclipse+ADT) Alternative – get the new Android Studio IDE (based on IntelliJ IDEA) Use an existing Eclipse IDE Get Android SDK Tools Run Eclipse Install ADT thru Help/Software Updates/Add Site/Archive menu Specify SDK thru Window/Preferences/Android/SDK Location menu

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Eclipse Project

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Ant project Android/android-sdk/tools/android.bat android.bat create project --target 14 --name ExampleApplication --path ./ExampleApplication --activity MainActivity --package com.myexample.exampleapplication

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Project Structure TestApplication/src/com/myexample/exampleapplication/MainActivity.java The main Activity of the project TestApplication/gen/com/myexample/exampleapplication/R.java The project dynamically generated resource file TestApplication/Android-x.x/android.jar Reference to used Android SDK library TestApplication/AndroidManifest.xml The project manifest

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Project Structure (contd.) TestApplication/res/drawable-*dpi/ic_launcher.jpg The project images TestApplication/res/layout/main.xml The main activity UI layout TestApplication/res/values/strings.xml The project string resources TestApplication/res/values-xx/strings.xml The project localized string resources

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MainActivity.java package com.myexample.exampleapplication; import android.os.Bundle; import android.app.Activity; import android.view.Menu; public class MainActivity extends Activity { @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.main); } @Override public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) { // Inflate the menu; this adds items to the action bar if it is present. getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.main, menu); return true; } }

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R.java /* AUTO-GENERATED FILE. DO NOT MODIFY. */ package com.myexample.exampleapplication; public final class R { public static final class layout { public static final int main=0x7f030000; } public static final class menu { public static final int main=0x7f070000; } public static final class string { public static final int action_settings=0x7f050001; public static final int app_name=0x7f050000; public static final int hello_world=0x7f050002; } public static final class drawable { public static final int ic_launcher=0x7f020000; } ... }

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./Android-xx/Android.jar Provides: J2SE5 classes Android-specific classes 3-rd party classes Can’t be extended by application developer

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AndroidManifest.xml Is XML file that is required file for every application Lists all of the components of your application Describes capabilities and behaviors of each component Contains Intent Filters which describe where and when each Activity can be started Describes global values for an application and permissions requested by/for the application from Android environment

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AndroidManifest.xml

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Project resources ./res/drawable/ should contain drawable resources like images The name of resource IDs are defined by resources names in Java notation. Be sure that all of your resources have correct names

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./res/layout/main.xml

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./res/values/strings.xml Describes text resources Typically contains string values

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Debugging Android Debug Bridge (ADB) Dalvik Debug Monitor Server (DDMS) Logcat Traceview Eclipse Memory Analyzer

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Debugging: ADB Device management adb devices adb connect 192.168.1.10 Adb disconnect 192.168.1.10 Moving files and directories adb push D:\TestProject\bin\TestProject.apk /sdcard adb pull /sdcard/test.log D:\tmp Shell adb shell adb shell ps Port forwarding adb forward tcp:5139 tcp:5139

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Debugging: DDMS Thread and heap information Process information SMS and incoming calls spoofing Location data spoofing Screen capture Port-forwarding service LogCat

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Debugging: DDMS

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Debugging: Logcat Logs device messages adb logcat DDMS – Device/Run LogCat menu Eclipse – Window/Show view/LogCat menu Log class is used instead of System.out to print messages int Log.d(String tag, String msg) Log.e(), Log.d(), Log.v(), Log.i() and Log.w() are generally used

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Debugging: Traceview Graphical tool to view application traces Trace file .trace is used as input traceview.bat log.trace Linear piece of code is used to get .trace file

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Debugging: Traceview

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Debugging: Eclipse Memory Analyzer Install from What it can do: Get a heap dump Find memory leaks Analyze Java collection usage Detect duplicated/conflicting libs/classes Convert to Sun format hprof-conf android.hprof sun.hprof Create a heap dump using the Dump HPROF file button in the DDMS Perspective

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Practice (Slides 1-7 from ContentProvider_UI_Adapter presentation)

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Main concepts and components Basics of application development Thread interaction mechanisms Data storages UI building blocks

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Main concepts and components Basics of Application Development

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Basics of application development Activities Tasks and Back Stack Intents Services Broadcast Receivers Content Providers Applications Differences between core and user apps (no other suitable place for this item) Security (Security part of the training)

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Activities Single focused thing which can interact with user Each activity is independent of the others Takes care of creating a UI window The content of the window is provided by a views hierarchy

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Activities public class TestActivity extends Activity { /** Called when the activity is first created. */ @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.main); // useful code } /** Called when an activity is going into the background */ @Override protected void onPause() { // useful code super.onPause(); } }

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Tasks and Back Stack Task is a collection of activities user interacts with when performing a certain job. Activities inside task are organized as a stack. Default system mechanism for task management

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Intents A passive data structure holding an abstract description of an operation to be performed May contain the following information: Component name Action Data Category Extras Flags Can be used to: Launch an activity Communicate with a service Send a broadcast to all interested broadcast receivers

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Intents startActivity(new Intent( android.content.Intent.ACTION_DIAL, null )); startActivity(new Intent( android.content.Intent.ACTION_SET_WALLPAPER, null )); startActivity(new Intent( android.content.Intent.ACTION_VIEW, Uri.parse(“ ));

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Intents System defines receiving component depending on the contents of Intent object, so intents are divided into 2 categories: Explicit – define target in component name field. Implicit – the field for the component name is blank. Contents of Intent object is compared with intent filters of system components. Intent filter is usually created in AndroidManifest.xml as a part of appropriate component, but can be instantiated dynamically inside component’s callback methods.

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Intents (contd.) Explicit intents Implicit intents

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Services

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Services Application component without UI Extends android.app.Service By default runs in the same process as the caller, and doesn’t create its own thread Can take two forms: started and bound Communication scheme can vary: receive intents from the clients, use messenger to exchange messages, or utilize remote procedure calls scheme

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Services Have distinctive life-cycle states. Can start multiple times, but stop just once Can connect with UI, trigger events, Notification Manager, etc. Component can connect to Services in it’s own process or another process bindService(String className, ServiceConnection conn) System will try to keep processes with running services alive for as long as possible

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Broadcast Receivers Component designed to respond to broadcast Intents Implementing an Broadcast Receiver involves: Extending android.content.BroadcastReceiver Declaring the component within application manifest file or via registration API Requesting proper permission in manifest file When onReceive() returns, receiver is inactive and may deleted from memory So anything that requires asynchronous operation is not available in onReceive()

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Content Providers and Content Resolvers Application components which are intended to support data sharing model Content Resolver provides access to all Content Providers resolves requests from clients by directing them to content provider with a distinct authority includes the CRUD (create, read, update, delete) methods corresponding to the abstract methods (insert, delete, query, update) in the Content Provider class Content Providers give an abstraction from the underlying data source (i.e. a SQLite database) offers a standard interface that connects data in one process with code running in another process interface for publishing and consuming data, based around a simple URI addressing model using the content:// schema Works across processes

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Content Providers All content is represented by URIs Convenience methods mean clients don’t need to know syntax ContentProviders own URIs based on authority ContentProviders are responsible for mapping URIs they own to a MIME type content://contacts/people is the URI that would return a list of all contact names on the device

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Applications android.app.Application maintains global application state Can be provided non-system implementation in AndroidManifest.xml for tag

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Security Permissions Signing Applications

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Basic Security Regulations Each Android application runs in its own process Security is enforced at the process level through standard Linux facilities, such as user and group IDs Additional security features are provided through a "permission" mechanism Application, by default, doesn’t have permissions to perform operations that would impact other applications, the operating system, or the user

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Permissions Basic application has no permissions thus it can’t do anything that would adversely impact the user experience or any data on the device To use protected device features application should declare permissions in the manifest file Requested permissions are granted at the install time

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Permissions Permission may be enforced at a number of places during program's operation: At the time of a call into the system, to prevent an application from executing certain functions When starting an activity, to prevent applications from launching activities of other applications Both sending and receiving broadcasts, to control who can receive your broadcast or who can send a broadcast to you When accessing and operating on a content provider Binding or starting a service

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Signing Applications All Android applications (.apk files) must be signed with a certificate The certificate identifies the author of the application The certificate does not need to be signed by a certificate authority To sign application keytool and jarsigner are used

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Main concepts and components Thread interaction mechanisms

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Platform helper classes Handler, Looper, Message Queue Messenger Parcelable classes, Bundle AsyncTask

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Handlers mechanism Handler is an instrument to drop a message on the queue attached to the thread on which handler object was instantiated so that the message can be processed at a later point in time. The dropped message has an internal reference to the handler that dropped it.

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Messenger When you need to perform IPC between service and client, using a Messenger for your interface is simpler than implementing it with AIDL Create a Messenger based on the IBinder returned by the service and send a message using send() Using a Messenger allows the service to handle only one call at a time For multi-threading services, use AIDL

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Parcelable Is similar to Serializable, but faster Allows data to be transferred between different processes/threads Your classes will be flattened inside a message container called a Parcel to facilitate high performance inter process communication describeContents() and writeToParcel() should be implemented

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AsyncTask Separates processing of long-term operations of the results representation on thread level Runs only once on UI thread by execute() method, can be cancelled using cancel() method Generic structure:

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AsyncTask Member fields of AsyncTask subclass can be set inside its constructor, onPreExecute() and doInBackground() methods. AsyncTask state is accessible via AsyncTask.Status class. Possible values: FINISHED – onPostExecute(Result) has finished PENDING – the task hasn’t been executed yet RUNNING – the task is running

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Practice (Complete MediaPlayer exercises)

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Main concepts and components Data Storages

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Data Storages Preferences A lightweight mechanism to store and retrieve key/value pairs of primitive data types Files You can store your files on the device or on a removable storage Databases The Android API provides SQLite support Content Providers Store and retrieve data and make it accessible to all applications. This is the way to share data across applications Assets Copy and Paste framework

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Data Storages: Preferences Context.getSharedPreferences() to share them with other components in the same application Activity.getPreferences() to have them private to the calling activity You can not share preferences across applications

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Data Storages: Preferences Using SharedPreferences settings = context.getSharedPreferences(“prefs”, 0); boolean vMode = settings.getBoolean(“viewMode”, false); --------------------------------------------------------------------------- SharedPreferences settings = activity.getPreferences(0); boolean vMode = settings.getBoolean(“viewMode”, false); --------------------------------------------------------------------------- SharedPreferences settings = getSharedPreferences(“prefs”, 0); SharedPreferences.Editor editor = settings.edit(); editor.putBoolean(“viewMode”, false); editor.remove(“viewMode”); // Don't forget to commit your edits! editor.commit();

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Data Storages: Files Android provides an access to the file system and files Standard Java API: java.io.FileInputStream and java.io.FileOutputStream Android specific API: Context.openFileInput() and Context.openFileOutput() Android Resources: Resources.openRawResource() Android Assets: AssetManager.open() You can’t share files across applications Except /sdcard directory

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Data Storages: Files Using try { final String TESTSTRING = new String(“Hello Android”); FileOutputStream fOut = openFileOutput(“samplefile.txt”, MODE_WORLD_WRITABLE); OutputStreamWriter osw = new OutputStreamWriter(fOut); // Write the string to the file osw.write(TESTSTRING); osw.close(); } catch (IOException ioe) { Log.e(“tag”, Log. getStackTraceString(ioe)); } File will be created on /data/data//files/samplefile.txt

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Data Storages: Files Using try { final String TESTSTRING = new String(“Hello Android”); char[] inputBuffer = new char[TESTSTRING.length()]; FileInputStream fIn = openFileInput(“samplefile.txt”); InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(fIn); isr.read(inputBuffer); String readString = new String(inputBuffer); boolean isTheSame = TESTSTRING.equals(readString); Log.i(“File Reading stuff”, “success = ” + isTheSame); } catch (IOException ioe) { Log.e(“tag”, Log. getStackTraceString(ioe)); }

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Data Storages: Data Bases Android provides an access to SQLite-based DBs Platform specific API android.database.sqlite.* is used instead of standard JDBC mechanism All application DBs are accessible to any application class, but not outside application To direct access to DBs sqlite3 tool is provided DBs are stored as files on the file system

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Data Storages: Data Bases Using private static class DatabaseHelper extends SQLiteOpenHelper { DatabaseHelper(Context context) { super(context, DATABASE_NAME, null, DATABASE_VERSION); } @Override public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) { db.execSQL(“CREATE TABLE …”); } @Override public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion) { db.execSQL(“DROP TABLE …”); onCreate(db); } } SQLiteDatabase db = new DatabaseHelper(getContext()).getReadableDatabase(); SQLiteDatabase db = new DatabaseHelper(getContext()).getWritableDatabase();

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Data Storages: Content Providers This is the only way to share data across applications Android already has providers android.provider.* for common data types ContactsContract – contact information Browser – browser bookmarks and searches MediaStore – all media content Settings – global system-level settings

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Data Storages: Content Providers ContentResolver provides access to ContentProvider by URI URI is defined by RFC 2396 Typed Content URI: content://// content – schema authority – identifier of content provider path – what data is requested ID – what record is requested Example: content://contacts/people/23 content://contacts/people?id=23

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Content Providers vs. SQL requests Storing your data in a database is one good way to persist your data, but databases created are visible only to the application that created them If you need to share data between applications, you need to use the content provider model as recommended in Android

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$Data Storages: Content Providers Using // data query String[] projection = new String[] { “_id”, “name”, “number”, }; Uri mContacts =...$

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Data Storages: Content Providers Using // data query String[] projection = new String[] { “_id”, “name”, “number”, }; Uri mContacts = Uri.parse(“content://contacts/people”); Cursor managedCursor = this .managedQuery(mContacts, projection, “_id=?”, {“23”}, “name ASC”); Cursor queryCursor = getContentResolver() .query(mContacts, projection, “_id=?”, {“23”}, “name ASC”);

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Data Storages: Content Providers Using // data update ContentValues values = new ContentValues(); values.put(“name”, “David”); Uri mContacts = Uri.parse(“content://contacts/people/”); int rows = getContentResolver().update(mContacts, values, “_id=?”, {“23”});

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Data Storages: Content Providers Using // data insert ContentValues values = new ContentValues(); values.put(“name”, “David”); Uri mContacts = Uri.parse(“content://contacts/people”); Uri uri = getContentResolver().insert(mContacts, values);

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Data Storages: Content Providers Using // data delete Uri mContacts = Uri.parse(“content://contacts/people”); int rows = getContentResolver().delete(mContacts, “_id=?”, {“23”});

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Data Storages: Assets Assets behave like a file system, they can be listed, iterated over. Assets go into the ./assets directory in the project root and can contain any files. System doesn’t generate resID for assets contents.

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Data Storages: Copy and Paste Provides functionality for copy and paste operations within and between Android applications. Supports text strings, URIs and Intents. Clipboard is a container storing only one Clip Data object at any time. Clip Data object holds ClipDescription (metadata related to the copied object) and any number of ClipData.Item objects. Interaction with the clipboard is organized through Clipboard manager object.

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Practice (Complete the ContentProvider_UI_Adapter presentation)

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Main concepts and components User Interface

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User Interface Visual Editors UI Components (typical UI widgets attributes. Merging and including UI xml) App Widgets Live Wallpapers Drawing (screen sizes support) Examples (Custom View, SurfaceView, GLSurfaceView)

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Visual Editors DroidDraw is the interactive UI designer

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Visual Editors Eclipse ADT embedded UI designer

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UI Components View and Widgets Fragments ViewGroup and Layouts AdapterView Floating dialogs Menus Notifications Custom components

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UI Components: View And Widgets android.view.View objects are the basic units of UI expression on the Android platform The View class serves as the base for subclasses called “widgets”, which offer fully implemented UI objects: buttons, text fields, etc View occupies a rectangular area on the screen and is responsible for drawing, event handling, focus change, scrolling and key/gesture interactions

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UI Components: Widgets

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Fragments What’s the matter? Complex Activity code for heavy-weight UI Handling identical piece of UI code in different Activities Mix of business logic and UI Old-school solution Extend View to implement complex UI Implement business logic as part of View code. Fragments Has it’s own life-cycle Constructed as a reusable component Supported starting 3.0+(API11). Back-ported to 1.6+(API4) as Google Support Library

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Fragments cont. onAttach() is called once Fragment is attached to its Activity onCreateView() defines what View will be inflated

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Fragments cont. XML definition Java definition FooFragment foo = Fragment.instantiate(context, "com.foo.FooFragment");

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Fragments cont. Inserted Fragments. In general it works. This feature is NOT supported using XML and won’t work correctly. To use inserted Fragments you should define a placeholder (FrameLayout) in parent XML Replace it in the Java code by an instance of your fragment. FragmentTransaction t = getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction(); t.replace(R.id.inserted_fragment, new FooFragment()); t.commit();

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Practice (Complete the Fragmets_adb_sqlite3 presentation)

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UI Components: ViewGroup Special view that can contain other views (children) The view group is the base class for layouts and views containers UI architecture is a hierarchy of View and ViewGroup nodes

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UI Components: Layout Layout is based on ViewGroup Layout defines a position and parameters of children inside Standard layouts: LinearLayout – children are disposed in line (single column or row) AbsoluteLayout – position of children is specified in absolute units RelativeLayout – position of children is specified relative to layout borders and others FrameLayout – children are drawn in a stack, with the most recently added child on top TableLayout – arranges children into rows and columns AdapterView – children are determined by an Adapter

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UI Components: Layout

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UI Components: AdapterView AdapterView is a view whose children are determined by an Adapter class Adapter object is data source for AdapterView AdapterView gets data from Adapter by the next methods: getCount() getItem(int position) Adapter is responsible for providing a View to display data at a particular position getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) Adapter provides notifications if data is changed

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UI Components: AdapterView

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UI Components: Floating Dialogs Small window that appears in front of the current Activity Activity loses focus and the dialog accepts all user interaction Normally used for notifications and short activities Android supports the following types of Dialog objects AlertDialog – manage few buttons, and/or a list of selectable items that can include checkboxes or radio buttons ProgressDialog – displays a progress wheel or progress bar DatePickerDialog – allows to select a date TimePickerDialog – allow to select a time

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UI Components: Floating Dialogs

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UI Components: Menu Part of any application to reveal its functions and settings Android offers an easy programming interface to provide standardized application menus There are three fundamental types of application menus: Options Menu – primary set of menu items Context Menu – floating list of menu items that appears by long-click on a View Submenu – floating list of menu items that is revealed by an item in the Options Menu or a Context Menu

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UI Components: Options Menu Is opened by MENU button Displays no more than the first six menu items “More” menu item is added if more than six items are added onCreateOptionsMenu() callback is called from Activity for the first time when menu is opened Options menu items support icons for the first six items and shortcut keys for others

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UI Components: Context Menu Conceptually, it is similar to “right-click” PC menu Is displayed by “long-click” Can be registered to any View object onCreateContextMenu() and onContextItemSelected() callbacks are called from Activity Context menu items do not support icons or shortcut keys

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UI Components: Submenu Submenus are added for organizing topics and including extra menu functionality A submenu can be added within any menu, except another submenu addSubMenu() adds a submenu to an existing Menu Callbacks for items selected in a submenu are made to the parent menu callback method

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UI Components: Notifications Notification tasks can be achieved using a different technique: Toast Notification – brief messages that come from the background Status Bar Notification – persistent reminders that come from the background and request the user response Dialog Notification – Activity-related notifications

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UI Components: Toast Notifications A message that pops up on the window surface Fills only the amount of space required for the message Current activity remains visible and interactive The notification automatically fades in and out, and does not accept interaction events Can be created and displayed from an Activity or Service

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UI Components: Status Bar Notifications Adds an icon to the system status bar and an expanded message in the “Notifications” window

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UI Components: Status Bar Notifications When the expanded message is selected, Android fires an Intent that is defined by the notification (usually an Activity is launched) The notification can be configured to alert the user with a sound, a vibration, and flashing lights on the device A background Service to interact with user should create a status bar notification that will launch the Activity To create a notification, two classes: Notification and NotificationManager are used

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UI Components: Custom Components Custom widget based on View class Extend existing widget such as TextView, ProgressBar, ImageView etc and override its methods Extend the View class and implement void onDraw(Canvas canvas) method and other callback methods if necessary SurfaceView-based implementation Open GL-based (GLSurfaceView) implementation

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App Widgets Miniature application views that can be embedded in other applications and receive periodic updates It can be published using an App Widget provider An application component that is able to hold other App Widgets is called an App Widget host (Home Screen)

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Live Wallpapers Interactive backgrounds on the home screens Similar to a normal Android application and has access to all the facilities of the platform A live wallpaper is very similar to a regular Android service, except onCreateEngine() method The engine is responsible for handling the lifecycle and drawing of a wallpaper

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Drawing The Canvas class provides the "draw" calls To draw something, you need 4 basic components: Bitmap to hold the pixels Canvas to host the draw calls (writing into the bitmap) Drawing primitives – Rect, Path, Bitmap, etc Paint – to describe the colors and styles for the drawing

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Domain-specific items

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Framework Review Network Telephony Media framework (media player, jet player, camera, NFC) Web applications development (V8 Java Script support) Working with sensors Location 3-rd Party Components Examples

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Network java.net Standard Java5 network API android.net Network state DHCP information UNIX sockets Android proxy settings URL parsers and builders org.apache.http Apache HTTP 4.x client

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Telephony Stack

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Telephony Stack Phone – platform application to make calls Telephony Manager – provides a telephony API for user applications android.telephony android.telephony.gsm android.telephony.cdma RIL daemon Internal framework module communicates via UNIX domain sockets with the RIL Daemon communicates using AT commands with either the RIL kernel driver RIL driver – pipe that forwards AT commands to the baseband processor via the appropriate hardware interface

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You can make your web content available to users in two ways: in a traditional web browser and in an Android application, by including a WebView in the layout. You can make your web content available to users in two ways: in a traditional web browser and in an Android application, by including a WebView in the layout. Add WebView to the application Load Web page

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If JavaScript is planned to use, enable it If JavaScript is planned to use, enable it Binding JavaScript code to Android code (call addJavascriptInterface())

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Navigate Web page history using goForward() and goBack() Navigate Web page history using goForward() and goBack() You can debug your JavaScript using the console JavaScript APIs, which output messages to logcat Best practices: Redirect mobile devices to a dedicated mobile version of your web site Use a valid markup DOCTYPE that's appropriate for mobile devices Use viewport meta data to properly resize your web page Avoid multiple file requests Use a vertical linear layout

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Two frameworks can be used: Two frameworks can be used: Android framework location APIs (android.location package) Google Location Services API (part of Google Play Services) Android framework way: Request an instance of LocationManager from the system Query for the list of all LocationProviders for the last known user location Register/unregister for periodic updates of the user's current location Google Play services: Set up the Google Play services SDK Use common well-described approaches Retrieve the current location using LocationClient Subscribe to location updates Create and monitor geofences (geographic areas as locations of interest) Detect user’s current activity and use this information in your app

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3-rd Party Components Apache HTTP Client – powerful HTTP client connections JUnit – Java testing framework JSON – JavaScript Object Notation XmlPull – XML Pull parsing

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Android NDK

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NDK setup On Win PC be sure Cygwin is properly installed Download an archive from Use Cygwin console to work with NDK NDK samples are located at $NDK/samples and can be build by: ./ndk-build -C samples/

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Android app with native code Create an empty Eclipse project (Android app) Create wrapper-class CalcWrapper.java Load native library by name WITHOUT ‘lib’ prefix and ‘.so’ suffix before the first usage: static { System.loadLibrary(“calc-jni"); } Create prototypes of native functions in this class: public static native int getSum(int a, int b); Compile your project and go to $YOUR_PROJECT/bin/classes Generate C header: javah -jni com.example.jnitestapp.CalcWrapper Copy generated functions names to a project with native code /jni/calc-jni.c and implement them

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Android app with native code Compile NDK project (libcalc-jni.so) Create new folder $YOUR_PROJECT/libs/armeabi inside Put *.so files: libcalc-jni.so, for example to this folder. Recompile $YOUR_PROJECT Check that resulted *.apk file has ./lib/armeabi/libcalc-jni.so inside

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Pure native apps Sample code is in $NDK/samples/native-activity AndroidManifest.xml should contain: native-activity here is a name of *.so what defined in Android.mk Build native code: ./ndk-build -C samples/native-activity Create Eclipse Project based off native-activity source code. Compile and run.

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9 patch editor Useful editor based off Android SDK

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OpenGL ES open source engines AndEngine Lightweight and powerful Java engine with loadable extensions Supports OpenGL ES 1.0/2.0 Extensions: Box2D, Multiplayer, SVG textures, Live wallpapers. Provides a lot of usage examples Used for games: Bunny Shooter, Greedy Spiders, Face Costume, etc

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System Services Getting of the system services is made by name using Context.getSystemService(String name) There are many services accessed from user apps:

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System Services. LocationManager. It’s used for accessing to the system location services Add permissions ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION and/or ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION to AndroidManifest.xml Implement LocationListener interface private class InternalLocationListener implements LocationListener { @Override public void onLocationChanged(Location location) { // get location here and do a job }

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System services. LocationManager. Get system service and location updates listener LocationManager lm = getSystemService(Context.LOCATION_SERVICE); InternalLocationListener mListener = new InternalLocationListener(); Sign in for location updates lm.requestLocationUpdates(LocationManager.NETWORK_PROVIDER, 15000, 0F, mListener, Looper.getMainLooper()); lm.requestLocationUpdates(LocationManager.GPS_PROVIDER, 15000, 0F, mListener, Looper.getMainLooper());

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Features

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Fragments Fragments Loaders Calendar API Rich UI Components Google Cloud Messaging Support Library

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Loaders Async data loading for Activities/Fragments. Introduced since 3.0+ (API11) and Support Library 4+ Monitor data and deliver new data once it available. Can be reconnected to the previously created record set without data re-query.

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Loaders usage Get LoaderManager Activity.getLoaderManager() Init Loader LoaderManager.initLoader(int id, Bundle args, LoaderCallbacks callback) Implement LoaderCallbacks onCreateLoader(int id, Bundle args) to create Loader instance onLoadFinished(Loader loader, Cursor data) to initialize UI by loaded data onLoaderReset(Loader loader) to release UI bacause of data unavailability. Dev guide:

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Calendar API Allows you to perform query, insert, update, and delete operations on calendars, events, attendees, reminders, and so on Calendar Provider data model A user can have multiple calendars

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Rich UI::Action Bar Action Bar was introduced since 3.0+ (API11) Action Bar is a replacement of a classic ‘Options Menu’ ‘Options Menu’ still can be available in compatibility mode Looks ugly on some devices like tablets.

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Rich UI::Action Bar AndroidManifest.xml ...

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Rich UI::Action Bar:compatibility mode AndroidManifest.xml - Define SDK version as 10. - Defile a style with no title bar ...

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Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) Sends messages from your server to your Android clients. Gets client messages back. Message size is up to 4K Android device should have a proper BroadcastReceiver Requires a Google account on 2.2+ devices. A Google account isn’t required since 4.0.4+ devices.

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GCM cont. Register your project at Google Console Enable GCM Obtain an API key

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GCM client Check Google API availability GooglePlayServicesUtil.isGooglePlayServicesAvailable(Context) Register your app GoogleCloudMessaging gcm; . . . gcm.register("YOUR-SENDER-ID"); To receive messages implement WakefulBroadcastReceiver To send messages just call gcm.send("YOUR-SENDER-ID" + "@gcm.googleapis.com", messageId, dataBundle);

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GCM 3rd party server GCM supports HTTP and CCS connection servers Message streaming HTTP supports only cloud-to-device downstreaming CSS supports upstreaming and downstreaming Async messaging 3rd party server sends HTTP POST to the cloud and blocks until response CSS sends/receives messages asynchronously using a persistent connection to the cloud JSON usage JSON message is sent as HTP POST for 3rd party HTTP server JSON is encapsulated in XMPP messages

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Support library Practically, some of useful and popular API introduced in 3.0+ and 4.0+ platforms are good to use on all platform versions. Support Library as part of Android SDK is targeted to do this. There are several versions: 4, 7, 13 and 18. Each new version is backward compatible with the previous ones. You don’t need to include all of them to your project. Be sure you have the same library JAR in all included projects.

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3-rd party SDKs Keep in mind a license type!!!

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Volley Framework Volley Framework UI SDKs Action Bar Sherlock Sliding Menu

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Volley Framework Created to solve two main every day goals Net requests/responses execution and caching. Basically used for JSON and XML formats. Image loading and caching Manages a pool of threads for net requests. Priorities can be changed. Checks cache hits/misses Optimizes a net traffic to speed up an app. Unified API for old (Apache HTTP Client) and new Android platforms (URLConnection) Video presentation:

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UI SDK::Action Bar Sherlock Developed to provide a modern and rich Action Bar functionality for platforms since 2.2+(API10). Classic Action Bar functions + themes and well customization. Google has back-ported common Action Bar functionality in Support Library 7. Web site:

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Known Android issues

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Apps starting Apps starting Persistent Notifications

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Apps starting Security policy was significantly changed since 3.1+ (API12) Apps can’t be started automatically by system Intents like ACTION_BOOT_COMPLETED. To get this behavior user has to launch an application manually the first time. User has to repeat this procedure if app was stopped manually (‘Force stop’) For intents defined by app itself FLAG_INCLUDE_STOPPED_PACKAGES should be set to avoid this problem.

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Persistent Notifications Since 4.3+ (API18) a persistent notification is shown in Notification bar for all services called startForeground() Users are really annoying about that. Dianne Hackborn explanation: