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Aqueous Solutions of Electrolytes

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Electrolytes

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Pure water does not conduct an electric current

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Electrostatic Forces

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Electrolytes are substances that dissociate into ions when dissolved in water and conduct electricity Electrolytes are substances that dissociate into ions when dissolved in water and conduct electricity

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The Water Molecule is Polar

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How Water Dissolves an Ionic Substance

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Reactions of Acid: Strong and Weak Acids Strong acids are strong electrolytes; completely ionized in water: In water: HCl(g) → H+(aq) + Cl–(aq)

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Strong and Weak Bases Strong bases: Most are ionic hydroxides (Group IA and IIA, though some IIA hydroxides aren’t very soluble). Weak bases: Like weak acids, they ionize partially. Ionization process is different. Weak bases form OH– by accepting H+ from water … NH3 + H2O  NH4+ + OH– CH3NH2 + H2O  CH3NH3+ + OH– methylamine methylammonium ion

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Common Strong Acids and Strong Bases

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Acid–Base Reactions: Neutralization Neutralization is the (usually complete) reaction of an acid with a base. The products of this neutralization are water and a salt.

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Acid–Base Reactions: Net Ionic Equations In the reaction above, the HCl, NaOH, and NaCl all are strong electrolytes and dissociate completely. The actual reaction occurs between ions.

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Reactions that Form Precipitates There are limits to the amount of a solute that will dissolve in a given amount of water. If the maximum concentration of solute is less than about 0.01 M, we refer to the solute as insoluble in water. When a chemical reaction forms such a solute, the insoluble solute comes out of solution and is called a precipitate.

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Silver Iodide Precipitation

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With these guidelines we can predict precipitation reactions. With these guidelines we can predict precipitation reactions. When solutions of sodium carbonate and iron (III) nitrate are mixed, a precipitate will form. When solutions of lead acetate and calcium chloride are mixed, a precipitate will form.