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Вы можете ознакомиться и скачать презентацию на тему Gas hydrates. Доклад-сообщение содержит 19 слайдов. Презентации для любого класса можно скачать бесплатно. Если материал и наш сайт презентаций Mypresentation Вам понравились – поделитесь им с друзьями с помощью социальных кнопок и добавьте в закладки в своем браузере.

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Gas-Hydrate resources «There to the North of USSR wide territories exist where layers have temperature lower than 0 C at 400 m and even 600 m depth and where gas-hydrates fields may exist. - I.N.Strijev, I.E.Khodanovitch “Dobitcha gaza", 1946 , p. 349 The possibility of gas-hydrate existenceat the natural conditions was shown in the experimental works that were carried out in Gubkin State University in 1969. It was a scientific discovery The Authors are Yu.F.Makagon, F.A.Trebin, V.G.Vasiliev, N.V.Charskyi, A.A.Trofimuk

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Cavities created inside water-molecular polyhedrons. The centers oxygen atoms are in the peaks the polyhedrons. The edges are the hydrogen links. Eulerian equation for this kind so called convex polyhedrons: V + F + T + 2 V – the number of peaks, F – number of planes, Е- number of edges

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Gas-hydrate Properties Водные клатратные каркасы, найденные среди газовых гидратов

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In contrast to conventional natural gas, methane hydrates occur only in sediments characterized by well-known pressure and temperature conditions, meaning that exploration activities can be strictly limited to specific zones

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The stability of an idealized methane hydrate in nature (area to the left of the red phase boundary) in nominal marine (A) and permafrost (B) cases

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Our knowledge on gas hydrate production from natural reservoirs comes primarily from laboratory studies and modeling using numerical simulators. However, these simulations and modeling efforts utilize real data from the field or production test data, such as that obtained from the Mt. Elbert project on the North Slope of Alaska, the Mallik production test in Canada, and borehole information from suspected hydrate accumulations in the deepwater GOM. The short-term tests at Mt. Elbert and Mallik have answered many questions, while raising many more that can only be addressed by a series of long-term production tests in a variety of settings.

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As a porous material, spherical silica gels of nominal pore diameter 6 nm, 30 nm, and 100 nm were selected and purchased from Aldrich (6 nm) and Silicycle (30 nm and 100 nm), respectively. All the materials were used without further treatment. The properties of silica gels having 6 and 30 nm pore diameters were measured by nitrogen adsorption/desorption experiments with ASAP 2400 (Micrometrics), and those of 100 nm pore diameter by mercury intrusion

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Probabilistic Nature of Resource Assessment In order to capture the uncertainty in the evaluation process, the estimate of undiscovered in-place gas hydrate is expressed as a cumulative probability distribution, where a specified volume or more of resources corresponds to a probability of occurrence. The low estimate corresponds to the 95th percentile value of the distribution, the mean estimate corresponds to the statistical average of all values in the distribution, and the high estimate corresponds to the 5th percentile value of the distribution. As in most stochastic resource assessments, and certainly in one where a new methodology has been developed and deployed, the reader is encouraged to view the mean estimate as the expected value.

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(1) Analytic methods employed are based on mass balance – an input-output analysis. Inputs are the mass of organic carbon available for conversion to methane, the volume of rock that possesses the physical and chemical conditions required to contain hydrates, and the fraction of that rock volume that constitutes effective void space into which hydrates can concentrate. While there are other possible methodologies, mass balance has two important advantages: it is transparent and allows extreme variable disaggregation. Therefore, as new and better information about total organic carbon in sediments, or heat flow or an improved formulation of hydrate phase relationships becomes available, the system can be easily updated.

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(2) It is cell-based. The study area is 457,933 km2 and is divided into a grid of 202,079 cells, each 2.32 km2. The mass balance analysis is applied to each cell, providing a level of spatial resolution that supports detailed mapping. The spatial distributions of in-place methane hydrates, both in absolute geographic space and its relative spatial distribution (e.g., clustering), have a critical impact on the fraction that will be technically and, ultimately, economically recoverable.

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(3) It is stochastic. Many input variables are treated as uncertain quantities and are assigned probability distributions. In some cases, parameters of these distributions are also treated as uncertain quantities. Consequently, key output variables are also uncertain quantities with probability distributions determined jointly by model structure and these probability distributions.

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Literature Boswell, R., and T. Collett, 2006. The gas hydrates resource pyramid, Fire in the Ice, US Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, 6(3), p. 5-7. Kang S., Ryu H., Seo Y. Phase Behavior of CO2 and CH4 Hydrate in Porous Media. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 33 2007 Preliminary Evaluation of In-Place Gas Hydrate Resources: Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service Resource Evaluation Division February 1, 2008 Sloan, E.D., Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1998.

Теги hydrates

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