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KAZAKH - TURKISH UNIVERSITY BY KHOJA AHMET YESSEVI FACULTY OF NATURAL SCIENCES CHAIR OF ECOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY Theme of the seminar: Carbohydrates and their metabolism. Digestion of carbohydrates. Teacher of discipline: Nurdillaeva R. Prepared by: Asan A.,Askar M. Specialty cipher: “5B011200 – Chemistry”

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Plan: Carbohydrates Classification of carbohydrates The biological function of carbohydrates Metabolism of carbohydrates Digestion of carbohydrates

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What is carbohydrates? Carbohydrates are chemical compounds that contain only oxygen, hydrogen and carbon. They are made up of joined-up sugars. Sugars have the general formula Cm(H2O)n, and are also known as saccharides. Certain carbohydrates are an important storage and transport form of energy in most organisms, including plants and animals.

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Classification of carbohydrates

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MONOsaccharide Monosaccharide are carbohydrates which can not be hydrolyze to small molecoles. Monosaccharides containing three (3) to seven (7) carbon with functional aldehyde or keto group. Most common of monosaccharides are Aldoses- Aldotirose,Aldotetrose,Aldopentose,Aldohexose,Aldoheptose Ketoses- Keto tirose, Keto tetrose,Ketopentose, Ketohexose,Ketoheptose

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Glyceraldehyde and dihydroxy acetone are aldotriose and ketotriose are respectively.The phosphorylated forms are metabolic entermediate. Glyceraldehyde and dihydroxy acetone are aldotriose and ketotriose are respectively.The phosphorylated forms are metabolic entermediate. H - C = O CH2OH | | H – C –OH C = O | | CH2OH CH2OH Glycealdehyde Dihydroxy acetone Aldepentose and ketopentose are ribose and ribulose respectively. Ribose is contituent of nucleic acids. Ribulosephosphate is metabolic intermadiate.

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Monosaccharides- Glocose, galactose, glycerose, erythrose, ribose,ribulose, fructose. Monosaccharides- Glocose, galactose, glycerose, erythrose, ribose,ribulose, fructose.

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Olisasaccharide Olisaccharides are polymerized monosaccharides, which contain more or two to ten residues on hydrolysis. They are classified as disaccharide, trisaccharides and tetrasaccharide. Olisaccharides- maltose, lactose,sucrose,raffinose,stachyose Disaccharides consist two monosaccharide on hydrolysis. Disaccharides are of two types-reducing disaccharides(ex. Maltose) and non-reducing disaccharide(ex.sucrose) Trisaccharide are found in sugar beet and cotton seed.Ex.raffinose Tetrasaccharide yield four monosaccharide on hydrolysis.Ex. stachyose

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Disaccharide

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Polysaccharide Polysaccharide are polymeric anhydrides of monosaccharides. Polysaccharide are of two types based on their function and composotion. Based on function, polysaccharides of two types storage and structural. Storage polysaccharides - starch Structural polysaccharides - cellulose

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Biological function od carbohydrates Carbohydrates are defined as poly hydroxy alcohols function aldehyde or keto group. Function: 1.They are major energy source for man. 2. They function as reserve food material in man and plants. 3.They are components of connective tissues,bone,cartilage,skin, membrane and nerve tissue. 4. They are components of blood group substances,nucleic acids. 5. Carbohydrate derivates are vitamins, antibiotics and drugs.