🗊Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech Bukhinnik Juliya FL-42

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Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech Bukhinnik Juliya FL-42, слайд №1Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech Bukhinnik Juliya FL-42, слайд №2Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech Bukhinnik Juliya FL-42, слайд №3Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech Bukhinnik Juliya FL-42, слайд №4Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech Bukhinnik Juliya FL-42, слайд №5Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech Bukhinnik Juliya FL-42, слайд №6Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech Bukhinnik Juliya FL-42, слайд №7Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech Bukhinnik Juliya FL-42, слайд №8Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech Bukhinnik Juliya FL-42, слайд №9Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech Bukhinnik Juliya FL-42, слайд №10Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech Bukhinnik Juliya FL-42, слайд №11Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech Bukhinnik Juliya FL-42, слайд №12Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech Bukhinnik Juliya FL-42, слайд №13Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech Bukhinnik Juliya FL-42, слайд №14Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech Bukhinnik Juliya FL-42, слайд №15Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech Bukhinnik Juliya FL-42, слайд №16Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech Bukhinnik Juliya FL-42, слайд №17Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech Bukhinnik Juliya FL-42, слайд №18Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech Bukhinnik Juliya FL-42, слайд №19Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech Bukhinnik Juliya FL-42, слайд №20Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech Bukhinnik Juliya FL-42, слайд №21
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Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech Bukhinnik Juliya FL-42
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Historical development of English and Russian parts of speech Bukhinnik Juliya FL-42

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General information about English part of speech In standard grammatical terms, we classify English words into the following categories, or parts of speech: Noun Verb Adverb Adjective Preposition Conjunction Numeral Pronoun
Описание слайда:
General information about English part of speech In standard grammatical terms, we classify English words into the following categories, or parts of speech: Noun Verb Adverb Adjective Preposition Conjunction Numeral Pronoun

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OLD ENGLISH Old English was a much more inflected language than contemporary English. It was characterized by: strong and weak verbs; a dual number for pronouns two different declensions of adjectives; four declensions of nouns; grammatical distinctions of gender; did not use the article
Описание слайда:
OLD ENGLISH Old English was a much more inflected language than contemporary English. It was characterized by: strong and weak verbs; a dual number for pronouns two different declensions of adjectives; four declensions of nouns; grammatical distinctions of gender; did not use the article

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Old English - Adjective As well as the noun, the adjective can be declined in case, gender and number. One-syllable adjectives ("monosyllabic") have different declension than two-syllable ones ("disyllabic"). Singular. (narrow) Masc. Neut. Fem. Nominative nearu nearu nearu Genitive nearwes nearwes nearore Dative nearwum nearwum nearore Accusative nearone nearu nearwe Instrumental nearwe nearwe
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Old English - Adjective As well as the noun, the adjective can be declined in case, gender and number. One-syllable adjectives ("monosyllabic") have different declension than two-syllable ones ("disyllabic"). Singular. (narrow) Masc. Neut. Fem. Nominative nearu nearu nearu Genitive nearwes nearwes nearore Dative nearwum nearwum nearore Accusative nearone nearu nearwe Instrumental nearwe nearwe

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Modern English - Adjective An adjective - is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a noun or pronoun (called the adjective's subject), giving more information about what the noun or pronoun refers to. We can not declined adjectives in case, gender or number.
Описание слайда:
Modern English - Adjective An adjective - is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a noun or pronoun (called the adjective's subject), giving more information about what the noun or pronoun refers to. We can not declined adjectives in case, gender or number.

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Old English - Adjective Degrees of comparison: absolutive, comparative, superlative. eald (old) - ieldra - ieldest strong - strengra - strengest long - lengra - lengest geong (young) - gingra - gingest
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Old English - Adjective Degrees of comparison: absolutive, comparative, superlative. eald (old) - ieldra - ieldest strong - strengra - strengest long - lengra - lengest geong (young) - gingra - gingest

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Modern English - Adjective Degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, superlative. Rich - richer – the richest Big – bigger – the biggest Small – smaller – the smallest
Описание слайда:
Modern English - Adjective Degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, superlative. Rich - richer – the richest Big – bigger – the biggest Small – smaller – the smallest

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Old English - Pronoun Pronouns were the only part of speech in Old English which preserved the dual number in declension. E.g. 1st person Singular Plural Dual N ic, íc wé wit G mín úre uncer D mé ús unc A mec, mé úsic, ús uncit, unc
Описание слайда:
Old English - Pronoun Pronouns were the only part of speech in Old English which preserved the dual number in declension. E.g. 1st person Singular Plural Dual N ic, íc wé wit G mín úre uncer D mé ús unc A mec, mé úsic, ús uncit, unc

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Old English - Verb Strong and Weak
Описание слайда:
Old English - Verb Strong and Weak

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Modern English – Verb Modern English makes a distinction between regular (changing into root – vowels and consonants) and irregular (- ed, - d) verbs. This distinction goes back to the Old English system of strong and weak verbs.
Описание слайда:
Modern English – Verb Modern English makes a distinction between regular (changing into root – vowels and consonants) and irregular (- ed, - d) verbs. This distinction goes back to the Old English system of strong and weak verbs.

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Modal Verbs in Modern and Old English (Present-Preterite) The main difference of verbs of this type in modern English is their expressing modality, i.e. possibility, obligation, necessity. They do not require the particle to before the infinitive which follows them. In Old English in general no verb requires this particle before the infinitive. In fact, this to before the infinitive form meant the preposition of direction.
Описание слайда:
Modal Verbs in Modern and Old English (Present-Preterite) The main difference of verbs of this type in modern English is their expressing modality, i.e. possibility, obligation, necessity. They do not require the particle to before the infinitive which follows them. In Old English in general no verb requires this particle before the infinitive. In fact, this to before the infinitive form meant the preposition of direction.

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Tenses in Old and Modern English Syntactically, the language had only two main tenses - the Present and the Past. No progressive (or Continuous) tenses were used, they were invented only in the Early Middle English period. Such complex tenses as modern Future in the Past, Future Perfect Continuous did not exist either. However, some analytic construction were in use, and first of all the perfective constructions. F.G.: Hie geweorc geworhten hæfdon (they have build a fortress‘ - shows the exact Perfect tense, but at that time it was not the tense really, just a participle construction showing that the action has been done) Seldom you can also find such Past constructions, which later became the Past Perfect Tense.
Описание слайда:
Tenses in Old and Modern English Syntactically, the language had only two main tenses - the Present and the Past. No progressive (or Continuous) tenses were used, they were invented only in the Early Middle English period. Such complex tenses as modern Future in the Past, Future Perfect Continuous did not exist either. However, some analytic construction were in use, and first of all the perfective constructions. F.G.: Hie geweorc geworhten hæfdon (they have build a fortress‘ - shows the exact Perfect tense, but at that time it was not the tense really, just a participle construction showing that the action has been done) Seldom you can also find such Past constructions, which later became the Past Perfect Tense.

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Conclusion English through history was very progressive and active - the whole revolution happened with it in the 15th and the 16th centuries, not only taking into consideration the Great Vowel Shift, but also the major grammar changes. The result was the Modern, or New, English, which has practically no declension, lost genders, shortened words and forms, simplified the syntax.
Описание слайда:
Conclusion English through history was very progressive and active - the whole revolution happened with it in the 15th and the 16th centuries, not only taking into consideration the Great Vowel Shift, but also the major grammar changes. The result was the Modern, or New, English, which has practically no declension, lost genders, shortened words and forms, simplified the syntax.

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Old church Slavonic Category: Old Church Slavonic nouns Old Church Slavonic words that refer to people, places, things, qualities or ideas. Old Church Slavonic nouns that are inflected to show grammatical relations other than the main form. E.g. Аблъко, братолюбьство, воѥводьство, брѣмѧ, въздрастъ, владъічьствиѥ, болѣзнь
Описание слайда:
Old church Slavonic Category: Old Church Slavonic nouns Old Church Slavonic words that refer to people, places, things, qualities or ideas. Old Church Slavonic nouns that are inflected to show grammatical relations other than the main form. E.g. Аблъко, братолюбьство, воѥводьство, брѣмѧ, въздрастъ, владъічьствиѥ, болѣзнь

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Category: Old Church Slavonic verbs Old Church Slavonic verbs: Old Church Slavonic words that indicate actions, occurrences or states. E.g. Любити, дъіхати, погрєбити, пити, ищєзнѫти, глаголати.
Описание слайда:
Category: Old Church Slavonic verbs Old Church Slavonic verbs: Old Church Slavonic words that indicate actions, occurrences or states. E.g. Любити, дъіхати, погрєбити, пити, ищєзнѫти, глаголати.

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Category: Old Church Slavonic adverbs: Old Church Slavonic adverbs words that modify clauses, sentences and other parts of phrases. E.g. Близъ, въскорѣ, яко, вьчєра
Описание слайда:
Category: Old Church Slavonic adverbs: Old Church Slavonic adverbs words that modify clauses, sentences and other parts of phrases. E.g. Близъ, въскорѣ, яко, вьчєра

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Category: Old Church Slavonic conjunctions: Old Church Slavonic words that connect words, phrases or clauses together. E.g. ащє, да, и, или, къгда, ни
Описание слайда:
Category: Old Church Slavonic conjunctions: Old Church Slavonic words that connect words, phrases or clauses together. E.g. ащє, да, и, или, къгда, ни

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Category: Old Church Slavonic pronouns Old Church Slavonic words that refer to and substitute nouns. E.g. овъ, она, оно, онъ
Описание слайда:
Category: Old Church Slavonic pronouns Old Church Slavonic words that refer to and substitute nouns. E.g. овъ, она, оно, онъ

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Category: Old Church Slavonic prepositions: Old Church Slavonic words that limit nouns or pronouns, by indicating relationships with following phrases. E.g. мимо, мєждю, мєждѹ, подъ, при, прѣдъ
Описание слайда:
Category: Old Church Slavonic prepositions: Old Church Slavonic words that limit nouns or pronouns, by indicating relationships with following phrases. E.g. мимо, мєждю, мєждѹ, подъ, при, прѣдъ

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One of the peculiarity of Russian language it is a morphemic stability. E.g. Russian root kaz. It means to point or to show. Noun: у к а з, с к а з к а Verb: у к а з а т ь, с к а з а т ь Adjective: с к а з о ч н ы й, etc.
Описание слайда:
One of the peculiarity of Russian language it is a morphemic stability. E.g. Russian root kaz. It means to point or to show. Noun: у к а з, с к а з к а Verb: у к а з а т ь, с к а з а т ь Adjective: с к а з о ч н ы й, etc.

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Conclusion Languages developed and changed rapidly during the history. All communicative processes reflects on the language grammatical and phonetically form. Intercultural relationship brings a lot of new words and enrich a vocabulary. All these processes reduce the role of declension, case, number, constrict the number of existing tense forms, people trying to make own language easy for learning.
Описание слайда:
Conclusion Languages developed and changed rapidly during the history. All communicative processes reflects on the language grammatical and phonetically form. Intercultural relationship brings a lot of new words and enrich a vocabulary. All these processes reduce the role of declension, case, number, constrict the number of existing tense forms, people trying to make own language easy for learning.

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