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Introduction to Effective Permeability and Relative Permeability

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Absolute permeability: is the permeability of a porous medium saturated with a single fluid (e.g. Sw=1) Absolute permeability: is the permeability of a porous medium saturated with a single fluid (e.g. Sw=1) Absolute permeability can be calculated from the steady-state flow equation (1D, Linear Flow; Darcy Units):

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Multiphase Flow in Reservoirs Commonly, reservoirs contain 2 or 3 fluids Water-oil systems Oil-gas systems Water-gas systems Three phase systems (water, oil, and gas) To evaluate multiphase systems, must consider the effective and relative permeability

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Effective permeability: is a measure of the conductance of a porous medium for one fluid phase when the medium is saturated with more than one fluid. The porous medium can have a distinct and measurable conductance to each phase present in the medium Effective permeabilities: (ko, kg, kw)

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Oil Oil Water Gas

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Relative Permeability is the ratio of the effective permeability of a fluid at a given saturation to some base permeability Relative Permeability is the ratio of the effective permeability of a fluid at a given saturation to some base permeability Base permeability is typically defined as: absolute permeability, k air permeability, kair effective permeability to non-wetting phase at irreducible wetting phase saturation [e.g. ko(Sw=Swi)] because definition of base permeability varies, the definition used must always be: confirmed before applying relative permeability data noted along with tables and figures presenting relative permeability data

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Oil Oil Water Gas

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Relative Permeability Functions

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Effect of Wettability for Increasing Sw

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Fluid saturations Fluid saturations Geometry of the pore spaces and pore size distribution Wettability Fluid saturation history (i.e., imbibition or drainage)

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Characteristics of Relative Permeability Functions Relative permeability is unique for different rocks and fluids Relative permeability affects the flow characteristics of reservoir fluids. Relative permeability affects the recovery efficiency of oil and/or gas.

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Applications of Relative Permeability Functions Reservoir simulation Flow calculations that involve multi-phase flow in reservoirs Estimation of residual oil (and/or gas) saturation