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Вы можете ознакомиться и скачать презентацию на тему Introduction to metabolism. Доклад-сообщение содержит 22 слайдов. Презентации для любого класса можно скачать бесплатно. Если материал и наш сайт презентаций Mypresentation Вам понравились – поделитесь им с друзьями с помощью социальных кнопок и добавьте в закладки в своем браузере.

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Introduction to Metabolism

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Metabolism is the sum of an organism’s chemical reactions Metabolism is the sum of an organism’s chemical reactions Metabolism is an emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the cell

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A metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product A metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product The product of one reaction is substrate of the next Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

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CATABOLIC PATHWAY (CATABOLISM) Release of energy by the breakdown of complex molecules to simpler compounds EX: digestive enzymes break down food CATABOLIC PATHWAY (CATABOLISM) Release of energy by the breakdown of complex molecules to simpler compounds EX: digestive enzymes break down food ANABOLIC PATHWAY (ANABOLISM) consumes energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones EX: linking amino acids to form proteins

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Forms of Energy ENERGY = capacity to cause change Energy exists in various forms (some of which can perform work) Energy can be converted from one form to another

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KINETIC ENERGY – energy associated with motion KINETIC ENERGY – energy associated with motion HEAT (thermal energy) is kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules POTENTIAL ENERGY = energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure CHEMICAL energy is potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

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THERMODYNAMICS = the study of energy transformations THERMODYNAMICS = the study of energy transformations CLOSED system (EX: liquid in a thermos) = isolated from its surroundings OPEN system energy + matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings Organisms are open systems

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The First Law of Thermodynamics = energy of the universe is constant Energy can be transferred and transformed Energy cannot be created or destroyed The first law is also called the principle of CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

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The Second Law of Thermodynamics During every energy transfer or transformation entropy (disorder) of the universe INCREASES some energy is unusable, often lost as heat

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Free-Energy Change (G) can help tell which reactions will happen ∆G = change in free energy ∆H = change in total energy (enthalpy) or change ∆S = entropy T = temperature ∆G = ∆H - T∆S Only processes with a negative ∆G are spontaneous Spontaneous processes can be harnessed to perform work

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Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions in Metabolism EXERGONIC reactions (- ∆G) Release energy are spontaneous ENDERGONIC reactions (+ ∆G) Absorb energy from their surroundings are non-spontaneous

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Concept 8.3: ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions A cell does three main kinds of work: Mechanical Transport Chemical In the cell, the energy from the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis can be used to drive an endergonic reaction Overall, the coupled reactions are exergonic