🗊Презентация PowerShell: Познать за 9 часов

PowerShell: Познать за 9 часофф Будут рассмотрены общие темы по работе в PS, направленные на осознание возможностей PS и получения базовых знаний в плане его применения

Немного истории

PowerShell и её предшественники Command.com with a batch-files Windows Script Host (cscript.exe) JScript and VBScript, Monad, aka Microsoft Shell or MSH April 25, 2006 Microsoft formally announced that Monad had been renamed to Windows PowerShell January, 2007 Windows PowerShell 1.0 August, 2009 Windows PowerShell 2.0 October, 2012 Windows PowerShell 3.0 October, 2013 Windows PowerShell 4.0

Зачем использовать PowerShell Язык высокого уровня Базируется на .NET Командлеты является специализированными классами .NET Возможность пользоваться конвейером Расширенная система типов (Extended Type System, ETS), базирующаяся на .NET

Возможности PowerShell Единственное мощное средство в Windows 2008 (2012) Server Core Выполнение рутинных задач (автоматизация, множественные операции) Доступ к огромному кол-ву задач для системного администратора Поддержка во всех новых серверных продуктах Microsoft Использование в Logon scripts Windows Server поддерживает GPO для настроек PowerShell Можно использовать в WinPe environment

Ресурсы по PowerShell в Сети http://msdn.microsoft.com/ru-ru/library/cc281945(v=sql.105).aspx http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_PowerShell http://stackoverflow.com (Ответы на многие вопросы) http://blogs.msdn.com/b/powershell/ http://www.computerperformance.co.uk/powershell/ http://thepowershellguy.com/blogs/posh/default.aspx

PowerShell в книгах

PowerShell в книгах

PowerShell в книгах

PowerShell в книгах

PowerShell в книгах

Правила именования Commandlets Verb-Noun Get-Command Set-ADUser Add-Computer Remove-EventLog …

О параметрах PowerShell powershell[.exe] [-PSConsoleFile FileName | -Version VersionNumber ] [-NoLogo] [-NoExit] [-NoProfile] [-NonInteractive] [-Sta] [-InputFormat {Text | XML}] [-OutputFormat {Text | XML}] [-WindowsStyle Style] [-EncodedCommand Base64EncodedCommand] [-File ScriptFilePath] [-ExecutionPolicy PolicySetting ] [-Command CommandText ] powershell –nologo –noprofile –command get-process powershell –noexit –command get-process powershell –command {get-service; get-process} powershell –nologo –noprofile –file c:\scripts\run_all.ps1

Рабочая среда PowerShell

Варианты её настройки

Варианты её настройки

Небольшая настройка под себя if ($host.name -eq "ConsoleHost") { $size=New-Object System.Management.Automation.Host.Size(120,80); $host.ui.rawui.WindowSize=$size } $myHostWin = $host.ui.rawui $myHostWin.ForegroundColor = "Blue" $myHostWin.BackgroundColor = "Yellow" $myHostWin.WindowTitle = "Working Script"

Знакомство Запускаем Powershell, затем PowerShell_ISE

ExecutionPolicy

Изменение ExecutionPolicy PS> Set-ExecutionPolicy -ExecutionPolicy RemoteSigned PS> Get-ExecutionPolicy RemoteSigned PS>

Execution order 1. Aliases PowerShell looks for alternate built-in or profile-defined aliases for the associated command name. If an alias is found, the command to which the alias is mapped is run. 2. Functions PowerShell looks for built-in or profile-defined functions with the command name. If a function is found, the function is executed 3. Cmdlets or language keywords PowerShell looks for built-in cmdlets or language keywords with the command name. If a cmdlet or language keyword is found, the appropriate action is taken. 4. Scripts PowerShell looks for scripts with the .ps1 extension. If a PowerShell script is found, the script is executed. 5. External commands and files PowerShell looks for external commands, non-PowerShell scripts, and utilities with the command name. If an external command or utility is found in a directory specified by the PATH environment variable, the appropriate action is taken. If you enter a file name, PowerShell uses file associations to determine whether a helper application is available to open the file.

Использование GB, MB, и KB PS> 1kb 1024 PS> 1mb 1048576 PS> 1gb 1073741824 PS> (1024*1024)/1MB 1

Общие параметры для всех CmdLet

Конвейер A pipeline is a method of passing data from one command to another. Get-Process | Where-Object {$_.Handles -gt 500} | Sort Handles | Format-Table Get-Process | Get-Member Get-Help about_pipeline

Aliases Пару слов про Aliases

Modules Get-Module

Примеры dir dir | sort Length -Descending dir | sort Length -Descending | select -first 1 dir –Recurse | sort Length -Descending | select -first 3 dir –Recurse | sort Length -Descending | select -first 10 | Sort Name

Ввод Input Основные команды Read-Host – read data from host Import-Csv – import data from CSV format Import-CliXml – import data from XML format Get-Content – get content of file Clear-Content – clear the file content without file deletion Add-Content - append data to a text file

Вывод Output Out-* —cmdlets that send the objects or formatting records to a specific destination Write-*—cmdlets that write data to a specific destination Format-* —cmdlets that convert the objects into formatting records and write them by default to the screen Export-* —cmdlets that export data to a file For example: Write-Host –backgroundcolor yellow –foregroundcolor black "This is text!" Get-Command Out-*

Colors For –foregroundcolor and –backgroudcolor the next colors can be used: Black DarkBlue DarkGreen DarkCyan DarkRed DarkMagenta DarkYellow Gray DarkGray Blue Green Cyan Red Magenta Yellow White

Вывод Output (Часть команд)

Пробуем ввод-вывод Нужно спросить имя пользователя и вывести его на экран жёлтым цветом Нужно считать их текстового файла информацию и вывести её на экран Нужно получить текстовую строку с клавиатуры и записать её в файл

Переменные $a = 1 $a | Get-Member TypeName: System.Int32 … $b = "1" $b | Get-Member TypeName: System.String … $a = $a * 2.35 $a | Get-Member TypeName: System.Double

Как PowerShell конвертирует между типами $a = 1; $b = “1”; $c = “abc”; $d = $a / $b; $e = $a + $b; $f = $c + $a $g = $a + $c

Переменные. Помощь по переменным. Get-ChildItem variable: (Yes. It’s a drive) Get-Help … About_Automatic_variables —variables created and maintained by PowerShell About_Environment_variables —Windows environment variables as used in batch files About_Preference_variables—variables that customize PowerShell (v2 only) About_Shell_variables (v1) or About_variables (v2)

Переменные. $_ It represents the current object coming down the pipeline Get-ChildItem "c:\temp" | Where {$_.Length -gt 1MB} Get-Process | Sort CPU Get-Process | Where {$_.CPU -gt 100} Get-Service | Where {$_.Status –eq ‘stopped’}

Переменные. Массивы. $a = 1,2,3,4,5 $b = 1..5 $c = "a","b","c","d","e" $a = @(1,2,3,4,5) $a = @() for($i=1;$i-le5;$i++){$a += $i} Array values can be accessed by the element number (index), which starts at 0, so the third element in our first example is $a[2] .

Операторы сравнения

Пробуем операторы сравнения 8 –eq 4 $a = “3”; $b =3; $a –eq $b; $a –gt $b; $a –ne $b;

Сравнения. Организация ветвлений. if Get-ChildItem "C:\Temp" | Where{!$_.PsIsContainer} | ForEach-Object { if ($_.Length -gt 1MB) { Remove-Item $_.Fullname -WhatIf } elseif ($_.Length -gt 0.5MB){ Write-Host $_.Name, $_.Length, ` " will be removed if more space required" ` -ForegroundColor Yellow } else{ if ($_.Length -gt 0.25MB){ Write-Host $_.Name, $_.Length, ` " will be removed in third wave" ` -ForegroundColor Blue } } }

Сравнения. Организация ветвлений. switch $files = Get-ChildItem "C:\Temp" | Where {!$_.PsIsContainer} foreach ($file in $files){ switch ($file.Length){ {$_ -gt 1MB}{Write-Host $file.Name, $file.Length ` -ForegroundColor Red; break} {$_ -gt 0.5MB}{Write-Host $file.Name, $file.Length ` -ForegroundColor Magenta; break} {$_ -ge 0.25MB}{Write-Host $file.Name, $file.Length ` -ForegroundColor Cyan; break} #default {Write-Host $file.Name, $file.Length} } }

Циклы Foreach-Object cmdlet Foreach loop For loop Do loop While loop

Циклы For for ($i = 0; $i -lt somevalue; $i++) { < PowerShell code> }

Циклы Foreach-Object $Out1 = @" $count files are smaller than 1MB and occupy $total_size bytes "@ $Out2 = @" $count_big files are bigger than 1MB and occupy $total_size_big bytes "@ Get-ChildItem "c:\Temp" | where {!$_.PSIsContainer} | ForEach-Object ` -Begin { $count = 0 $total_size = 0 $count_big = 0 $total_size_big = 0 } `

Циклы Foreach Use the following syntax for a foreach loop: foreach ($item in $collection_of_items) { < PowerShell code> } dir "c:\test" | ?{!$_.PSIsContainer} | % {if ($_.LastAccessTime -lt ((Get-Date).AddDays(-10))) {rm $($_.Fullname) -wh} }

Циклы Foreach $date = (Get-Date).Adddays(-10) $files = Get-ChildItem "c:\Temp" | Where{!$_.PSIsContainer} foreach($file in $files){ if ($file.LastAccessTime -lt $date){ Remove-Item -Path $file.FullName -WhatIf } } Get-ChildItem "c:\Temp" | Where{!$_.PSIsContainer} Try it. In the pipeline, we start with Get-ChildItem producing a directory listing of the C:\Temp folder. That’s piped into a Where-Object filter that looks to see whether the object is a container (a folder). Only objects that aren’t folders are passed.

Циклы While while (<condition>) { < PowerShell code> }

Циклы While $data = 1..57 $j = 1 while ($j -le 10){ $qqq = "C:\TEMP\PS\111\" $foldername = "Testfolder_$j" New-Item -Name "$qqq$foldername" -ItemType directory $j++ for ($i=0; $i -le 10; $i++){ $filename = "file_$i.txt“ Set-Content "$qqq$foldername\$filename" -Value $data } }

Циклы Do do { < PowerShell code> } until (<condition>) do { < PowerShell code> } while (<condition>)

Циклы Do $i = 1 do { $name = "Testfolder_$i" New-Item -ItemType directory -Name $name $i++ } while ($i -le 10) Or just change the last line to the new one: until ($i -gt 10)

4 ваших лучших друга Get-Help Get-Command Get-Member Get-PSDrive

Получение помощи (Get-Help) Get-Help <Cmdlet-Name> get-service | get-member -membertype *property

Получение списка команд (Get-Command) Get-Command Get-Command ipconfig.exe | Format-List Get-Command *process Get-Command -Module ActiveDirectory | Sort verb, noun Get-Command Get-Process -Syntax

Получение списка членов (Get-Member) Get-Help Get-Member Get-Process c* | Get-Member Get-Process c* | Get-Member -MemberType Property | Format-Wide -Column 2

Расширенное получение помощи Get-Help about Get-Help <Command-Name> -detailed Get-Help <Command-Name> -full Get-Help <Command-Name> -examples Get-Help <Command-Name> -online Get-Help about_topic_name

Основы Single line comments: # Multiline comments: <# … #>

Написание собственных функций function Name { param( [type]$ParameterA = default_value, [type]$ParameterB = default_value ) begin {< PowerShell code> } process {< PowerShell code> } end {< PowerShell code> } } function new-file { param ($number, $foldername) for ($i=0; $i -le $number; $i++){ $name = "$foldername-file-$i.txt" Set-Content -Path "$foldername\$name" -Value $data } }

Написание собственных функций. Использование. $data = 1..57 $i = 1 while ($i -le 10) { $name = "Testfolder_$i" New-Item -ItemType directory -Name $name new-file $i $name $i++ }

Scope Scope defines how scripts and functions work with variables. When PowerShell starts, it defines a top-level or global scope. When a script, script block, or function is started, a new scope is defined. Global variables Script variables Function variables Get-help about_scope

Оснастки (Modules) [PSSnapin - obsolete] PS> $env:psmodulepath -split ";" C:\Users\Alex\Documents\WindowsPowerShell\Modules C:\Windows\system32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\Modules\ PS> Get-Module -ListAvailable ModuleType Name ExportedCommands ---------- ---- ---------------- Manifest FileFunctions {} Script MathFunctions {} Import-Module | Get-Module -ListAvailable

Рабочие примеры

Практика Based on 02.ps1 Show process list as a Table Show by Grouping processes in Table Advanced grouping

COM-объекты. Доступ. function get-ms { $ie = New-Object -ComObject InternetExplorer.Application $ie.Navigate("http://www.microsoft.com/") while ($ie.busy) { Start-Sleep -seconds 1 } $ie.Visible = $true }

Рабочие примеры

Практика Based on 04.ps1 Add new menu point, that route us to the site http://blogs.msdn.com/b/powershell/ Making a default action, when correct menu point has not been selected, or user mistakes. Change previous script that it will looping while we won’t want to stop it from our menu.

WMI-объекты. Введение. Get-WmiObject -Class Win32_ComputerSystem | Format-List Name, SystemType, NumberOfProcessors Get-WmiObject -Class Win32_Processor | Format-List Manufacturer, Name, Description, ProcessorID, AddressWidth, DataWidth, Family, MaxClockSpeed -ComputerName parametr allow you to get such information from any computers in your network provided that you have a correct credentials.

WMI-объекты. Понимание. Get-WMIObject –list Returning a long list Get-WmiObject -List *OperatingSystem* Either option will return a list of the classes containing OperatingSystem in their names. Get-WMIObject –class Win32_OperatingSystem Get-WMIObject -Class Win32_OperatingSystem | Get-Member

WMI-объекты. Использование. PS> $t = Get-WMIObject -Class Win32_OperatingSystem | Select LastBootUpTime >> PS> $t LastBootUpTime -------------- 20070406072653.500000+060 PS> Get-WMIObject -Class Win32_OperatingSystem -property LastBootUpTime | foreach { [System.Management.ManagementDateTimeConverter]::ToDateTime($_.LastBootUpTime)} 06 January 2012 07:26:53

WMI-объекты. Использование. Two different ways, doing the same. Using [WMIClass] is a shortcut for using New-Object : $x = New-Object -TypeName System.Management.ManagementClass -ArgumentList "Win32_Process" $x | Get-Member $x.Create("notepad.exe") Invoke-WmiMethod -Path win32_Process.Handle=5500 –Name Terminate Invoke-WmiMethod -Class Win32_Process -Name Create` -ArgumentList "notepad.exe"

Рабочие примеры

Практика Obtaining a Process list (07.ps1) Make it friendly Make it more friendly Changing sort order for analyze features Continuously monitoring processes on computer Continuously monitoring selected process only

Интеграция с .NET Введение. .NET VERSIONS PowerShell v1 needs . NET 2.0. PowerShell v2 needs . NET 2.0 apart from some features that require . NET 3.5 SP1 . Unless you need multiple versions of .NET loaded, just load . NET 3.5 SP 1, as it also contains . NET 2.0. .NET Class library: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms229335.aspx $rand = New-Object -TypeName System.Random -ArgumentList 42 Alternative way: $rand2 = [System.Random](42)

Интеграция с .NET Примеры. PS> [System.Math]::Sqrt(16) 4 PS> [System.Math]::Pi 3.14159265358979

Интеграция с .NET Исследование. [System.math] | get-member –Static Name MemberType Definition ---- ---------- ---------- Acos Method static double Acos(double d) Asin Method static double Asin(double d) Atan Method static double Atan(double d) BigMul Method static long BigMul(int a, int b) …

Рабочие примеры

Практика Converting everything to string (09.ps1) Converting numbers Converting dates Converting times Complex converting

Понятие отладки, базовые рекомендации Write-Host, Write-Warning, Write-Error Read-Host, Measure-Command

Понятие отладки, базовые рекомендации $sb = { Get-ChildItem c:\*.* } Measure-Command -Expression $sb Output should be like that: Days : 0 Hours : 0 Minutes : 0 Seconds : 0 Milliseconds : 71 Ticks : 719155 TotalDays : 8,32355324074074E-07 TotalHours : 1,99765277777778E-05 TotalMinutes : 0,00119859166666667 TotalSeconds : 0,0719155 TotalMilliseconds : 71,9155 Replace Measure-Command with Invoke-Command and you’ll get the output.

Примеры решения задач At last: Write-Progress (-Activity, -Status, -PercentComplete, -CurrentOperation) Find top 100 biggest files (10.ps1) More informative output Show files, their lengths, counting numbers

Практика Find all *.tmp or anything else extension files from the root of the disk, count it size, show it, separated by the folders with its count. (11.ps1) Performing fake-deletion founded files and show deleted files. Performing fake-deletion files found and show deletion progress using progress bar, by folders.

Автоматизация простых рутинных задач с помощью PowerShell Obtaining OS version for a group of computers. (12.ps1) Make all above and export to Excel-compatible format Export only fields selected Get-Process to .CSV Get-Process to .HTML

Best Practices (PowerShell general best practices) Read the help files—there’s a mass of good information, especially in the examples. In PowerShell v3, set up a schedule to update help on a regular basis. Set your execution policy to at least RemoteSigned. Use the pipeline—PowerShell is designed for pipeline usage. If you apply coding styles from older scripting languages, you’ll lose a lot of functionality and create work for yourself. Give variables meaningful names, such as $computer rather than $x. Avoid variables with spaces or special symbols in their names, such as ${computername}. Never set $ErrorActionPreference (or $VerbosePreference or any other “preference” variable) globally in the shell or in a script or function. Instead, use parameters, such as a cmdlet’s –ErrorAction parameter or a function’s -Verbose parameter, to set the preference on an as-needed basis.

Best Practices (PowerShell general best practices) Avoid enumerating collections—using ForEach-Object or the ForEach scripting construct—unless there’s no other way to accomplish your task. Use single quotes unless you explicitly need the variable-replacement and expression-evaluation capabilities of double quotes. If you’re working with SQL Server databases, remember that they use single quotes for strings. String substitution (or multiplication) is much easier than string concatenation. Use the built-in constants—PowerShell understands KB, MB, GB, TB, and PB. Avoid using native .NET classes and methods unless there’s no cmdlet alternative. Be careful with code downloads from the internet and always double-check what the code is doing—your environment may be different enough from the author’s that you’ll encounter problems. Filter early and format late. Restrict the data set as soon as possible, but don’t format the data until you’re just about to display.

Примеры из реальной жизни Wintel IS Ping computer via PowerShell (13.ps1) Pinging group of computers Restart service Another way to restart service

Итоговая лабораторная работа #Create a PS script, that show us a FullName and Length properties for a files in a directory, that we can choose. Directories need to be scanned recursively. Get uptime for computers, given from input file Find error in the next command. Correct it and run. Get-Process -Name svc | Format-Table -auto | select Name