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Слайды и текст этой презентации

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THE TO-INFINITIVE OR –ING FORM GRAMMAR REFERENCES Balabanova Olga, school N 6, Apatity

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to - infinitive The to-infinitive is used 1.To express purpose. He went to university to become a lawyer. (in order to become)

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to – infinitive The to-infinitive is used 2. after certain verbs (agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, plan, promise, refuse etc). He refused to pay the bill.

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to- infinitive The to-infinitive is used 3. after certain adjectives (happy, glad, sorry etc). She was happy to win the prize.

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to – infinitive The to-infinitive is used 4. After I would like/would love/ would prefer to express specific preference. I’d like to see the manager.

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to – infinitive The to-infinitive is used 5. After certain nouns. What a surprise to see him there!

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to - infinitive The to-infinitive is used 6. After too/enough constructions He’s too young to have his own car. He’s clever enough to do the crossword. He’s got enough money to live on.

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to – infinitive The to-infinitive is used 7. With: it + be + adjective (+ of + noun/pronoun). It was generous of him to offer 1000$.

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to – infinitive The to-infinitive is used 8. With so+adjective+as. Would you be so kind as to help me move the sofa?

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to - infinitive The to-infinitive is used 9. With “only” to express an unsatisfactory result. She came in only to find Bob had left.

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to – infinitive The to-infinitive is used 10. After: be + the first/second etc/next/last/best etc. He was the last to come to work.

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to – infinitive The to-infinitive is used 11. In the expression: for + noun/pronoun + to –inf. For him to be so rude was unforgivable.

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to – infinitive The to-infinitive is used 12. In expressions such as: to tell you the truth, to begin with, to be honest etc. To be honest, I don’t like him.

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to – infinitive The to-infinitive is used Note: If two infinitives are joined by “and” or “or”, the “to” of the second infinitive can be omitted. I want to call Mr Jones and fax or post him a letter.

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The –ing form is used 1. After certain verbs (admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, continue, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, go(physical activities), imagine, involve, keep,(=continue), mention, mind, miss, object to, postpone, practice, prevent, quit, recall recollect, report, resent, resist, risk, save, stand suggest, tolerate, understand etc). They discussed selling the company. Let’s go jogging! I’d rather go sailing.

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- Ing - ing - ing - ing - ing The -ing form is used 2. After: dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love, prefer to express general preference. She dislikes painting. (In general) Note: Like + to-inf = it’s good idea I like to wash my hair every day

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- Ing - ing - ing -ing - ing The –ing form is used 3. After: I’m busy, It’s no use, It’s (no) good, It’s (not) worth, what’s the use of, can’t help, there is no point (in), can’t stand, have difficulty (in), in addition to, as well as, have trouble, have a hard/difficult time. He can’t stand being treated like a slave. He had difficulty finding his way back.

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- Ing - ing - ing - ing - ing The –ing form is used 4. After: spend/waste (time, money etc). He spends his free time (in) digging the garden.

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- Ing - ing - ing - ing - ing The –ing form is used 5. After prepositions. He left the shop without paying so he was accused of stealing.

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- Ing - ing - ing - ing - ing The –ing form is used 6. As a noun. Walking is good exercise.

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Ing - ing - ing - - ing - ing The –ing form is used 7. After: look forward to, be/get used to, be/get accustomed to, object to, admit (to) etc. I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.

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- Ing - ing - ing - ing - ing The –ing form is used 8. After: hear, listen, notice, see, watch to express an incomplete action, an action in progress or a long action. I saw Tim doing his homework. ( I saw part of the action in progress. I did not wait until he had finished.)

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hear, listen , see, watch But: hear, listen, see, watch + infinitive without “to” express a complete action, something that one saw or heard from begging to end. I saw Tim do his homework. It took him an hour. (I saw the whole action from beginning to end.)

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infinitive without to THE INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO IS USED 1. After: most modal verbs( can, must, will etc). You can leave now if you want. 2. After: had better/would rather. I’d rather not go out tonight. 3. After: make/let/see/hear/feel + object. They made him pay for the damage. 4. “know” and “help” are allowed by to-infinitive or an infinitive without to. I’ve never know him (to) be so mean. 5. But: in the passive: be known, be helped + to-infinitive. She was known to have worked as a teacher.